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Thus, during encoding, deep (semantic) processing typically establishes more distinctive and retrievable memory traces than does shallow (perceptual) processing, as assessed by later episodic memory tests. By contrast, the hippocampus appears to play a processing\u2010independent role in encoding, because hippocampal lesions impair encoding regardless of level of processing. Here, we clarified the neural relationship between processing and encoding by examining hippocampal\u2013cortical connectivity during deep and shallow encoding. Participants studied words during functional magnetic resonance imaging and freely recalled these words after distraction. Deep study processing led to better recall than shallow study processing. For both levels of processing, successful encoding elicited activations of bilateral hippocampus and left prefrontal cortex, and increased functional connectivity between left hippocampus and bilateral medial prefrontal, cingulate and extrastriate cortices. Successful encoding during deep processing was additionally associated with increased functional connectivity between left hippocampus and bilateral ventrolateral prefrontal cortex and right temporoparietal junction. In the shallow encoding condition, on the other hand, pronounced functional connectivity increases were observed between the right hippocampus and the frontoparietal attention network activated during shallow study processing. Our results further specify how the hippocampus coordinates recording of ongoing neocortical activity into long\u2010term memory, and begin to provide a neural explanation for the typical advantage of deep over shallow study processing for later episodic memory. Hum Brain Mapp, 2013. \u00a9 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.21435","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,31]],"date-time":"2011-10-31T12:25:18Z","timestamp":1320063918000},"page":"407-424","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":89,"title":["The relationship between level of processing and hippocampal\u2013cortical functional connectivity during episodic memory formation in humans"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Bj\u00f6rn H.","family":"Schott","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Torsten","family":"W\u00fcstenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Wimber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela 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