{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T13:49:55Z","timestamp":1791899395165,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,14]],"date-time":"2013-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1368489600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Human Brain Mapping"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The functional role of the left ventral occipito\u2010temporal cortex (vOT) in visual word processing has been studied extensively. A prominent observation is higher activation for unfamiliar but pronounceable letter strings compared to regular words in this region. Some functional accounts have interpreted this finding as driven by top\u2010down influences (e.g., Dehaene and Cohen [<jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"#hbm22281-bib-0015\"\/>]: Trends Cogn Sci 15:254\u2013262; Price and Devlin [<jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"#hbm22281-bib-0039\"\/>]: Trends Cogn Sci 15:246\u2013253), while others have suggested a difference in bottom\u2010up processing (e.g., Glezer et al. [<jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"#hbm22281-bib-0023\"\/>]: Neuron 62:199\u2013204; Kronbichler et al. [<jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"#hbm22281-bib-0030\"\/>]: J Cogn Neurosci 19:1584\u20131594). We used dynamic causal modeling for fMRI data to test bottom\u2010up and top\u2010down influences on the left vOT during visual processing of regular words and unfamiliar letter strings. Regular words (e.g., <jats:italic>taxi<\/jats:italic>) and unfamiliar letter strings of pseudohomophones (e.g., <jats:italic>taksi<\/jats:italic>) were presented in the context of a phonological lexical decision task (i.e., \u201cDoes the item sound like a word?\u201d). We found no differences in top\u2010down signaling, but a strong increase in bottom\u2010up signaling from the occipital cortex to the left vOT for pseudohomophones compared to words. This finding can be linked to functional accounts which assume that the left vOT contains neurons tuned to complex orthographic features such as morphemes or words [e.g., Dehaene and Cohen [<jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"#hbm22281-bib-0015\"\/>]: Trends Cogn Sci 15:254\u2010262; Kronbichler et al. [<jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"#hbm22281-bib-0030\"\/>]: J Cogn Neurosci 19:1584\u20131594]: For words, bottom\u2010up signals converge onto a matching orthographic representation in the left vOT. For pseudohomophones, the propagated signals do not converge, but (partially) activate multiple orthographic word representations, reflected in increased effective connectivity. <jats:italic>Hum Brain Mapp 35:1668\u20131680, 2014<\/jats:italic>. \u00a9 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22281","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,14]],"date-time":"2013-05-14T11:52:58Z","timestamp":1368532378000},"page":"1668-1680","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Top\u2010down and bottom\u2010up influences on the left ventral occipito\u2010temporal cortex during visual word recognition: An analysis of effective connectivity"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Matthias","family":"Schurz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology and Center for Neurocognitive Research, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, 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