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Some previous neuroimaging studies have found hyperactivation in frontoparietal networks of HIV\u2010infected patients, whereas others reported aberrations restricted to sensory cortices. In this study, we utilize high\u2010resolution structural and neurophysiological imaging to determine whether alterations in brain structure, function, or both contribute to HIV\u2010related cognitive impairments. HIV\u2010infected adults and individually matched controls completed 3\u2010Tesla structural magnetic resonance imaging (sMRI) and a mechanoreception task during magnetoencephalography (MEG). MEG data were examined using advanced beamforming methods, and sMRI data were analyzed using the latest voxel\u2010based morphometry methods with DARTEL. We found significantly reduced theta responses in the postcentral gyrus and increased alpha activity in the prefrontal cortices of HIV\u2010infected patients compared with controls. Patients also had reduced gray matter volume in the postcentral gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, and other regions. Importantly, reduced gray matter volume in the left postcentral gyrus was spatially coincident with abnormal MEG responses in HIV\u2010infected patients. Finally, left prefrontal and postcentral gyrus activity was correlated with neuropsychological performance and, when used in conjunction, these two MEG findings had a sensitivity and specificity of over 87.5% for HIV\u2010associated cognitive impairment. This study is the first to demonstrate abnormally increased activity in association cortices with simultaneously decreased activity in sensory areas. These MEG findings had excellent sensitivity and specificity for HIV\u2010associated cognitive impairment, and may hold promise as a potential disease marker. <jats:italic>Hum Brain Mapp 36:897\u2013910, 2015.<\/jats:italic> <jats:bold>\u00a9 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:bold><\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22674","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,6]],"date-time":"2014-11-06T13:19:31Z","timestamp":1415279971000},"page":"897-910","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":69,"title":["Multimodal neuroimaging evidence of alterations in cortical structure and function in HIV\u2010infected older adults"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Tony W.","family":"Wilson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neurosciences University of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC) Omaha Nebraska"},{"name":"Department of Neurological Sciences UNMC Omaha Nebraska"},{"name":"Center for Magnetoencephalography UNMC 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