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Here, we compare rates of white matter and subcortical gray matter volume change in PAE and control children, and examine relationships between annual volume change and arithmetic ability, behavior, and executive function. Participants (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200975 PAE\/64 control; age: 7.1\u201315.9 years) each received two structural magnetic resonance scans, \u223c2 years apart. Assessments included Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC\u2010IV), the Child Behavior Checklist and the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function. Subcortical white and gray volumes were extracted for each hemisphere. Group volume differences were tested using false discovery rate (<jats:italic>q<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Analyses examined group\u2010by\u2010age interactions and group\u2010score interactions for correlations between change in volume and raw behavioral scores. Results showed that subjects with PAE had smaller volumes than control subjects across the brain. Significant group\u2010score interactions were found in temporal and parietal regions for WISC arithmetic scores and in frontal and parietal regions for behavioral measures. Poorer cognitive\/ behavioral outcomes were associated with larger volume increases in PAE, while control subjects generally showed no significant correlations. In contrast with previous results demonstrating different trajectories of cortical volume change in PAE, our results show similar rates of subcortical volume growth in subjects with PAE and control subjects. We also demonstrate abnormal brain\u2010behavior relationships in subjects with PAE, suggesting different use of brain resources. Our results are encouraging in that, due to the stable volume differences, there may be an extended window of opportunity for intervention in children with PAE. <jats:italic>Hum Brain Mapp 36:2318\u20132329, 2015<\/jats:italic>. \u00a9 <jats:bold>2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:bold><\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22772","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,25]],"date-time":"2015-02-25T07:23:30Z","timestamp":1424849010000},"page":"2318-2329","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":65,"title":["Volume changes and brain\u2010behavior relationships in white matter and subcortical gray matter in children with prenatal alcohol exposure"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Prapti","family":"Gautam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Developmental Cognitive Neuroimaging Laboratory, Keck School of Medicine, USC\/Children's Hospital of Los Angeles Los Angeles 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