{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T15:19:42Z","timestamp":1791299982142,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,18]],"date-time":"2015-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1426636800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Tourette Syndrome Association of the United States and Canadian Institutes of Health Research","award":["MOP 110962"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOP 110962"]}]},{"name":"Canada Research Chair program"},{"name":"Ontario Mental Health Foundation studentship"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Human Brain Mapping"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Pharmacological and anatomical evidence implicates striatal dopamine receptors in Tourette syndrome (TS). Nevertheless, results of positron emission tomography (PET) studies of the dopamine system in TS have been inconsistent. We investigated striatal D2\/3 dopamine receptors in TS using the radioligands [\n                    <jats:sup>11<\/jats:sup>\n                    C]raclopride and [\n                    <jats:sup>11<\/jats:sup>\n                    C]\u2010(+)\u2010PHNO, an agonist that binds preferentially to D3 receptors, thus allowing higher sensitivity and measurement of receptors in a high affinity state. Eleven adults with TS and 11 matched healthy control (HC) participants underwent [\n                    <jats:sup>11<\/jats:sup>\n                    C]raclopride and [\n                    <jats:sup>11<\/jats:sup>\n                    C]\u2010(+)\u2010PHNO PET scans. General linear model was used for voxelwise contrasts of striatal binding potentials (BP\n                    <jats:sub>ND<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) between TS and HC participants. Analysis of variance was performed to investigate main effect of radioligand. In addition, BP\n                    <jats:sub>ND<\/jats:sub>\n                    values were extracted for ventral, motor, and associative striatum. Finally, we examined the relationship between BP\n                    <jats:sub>ND<\/jats:sub>\n                    measures and symptom severity in TS participants. Main effects analyses showed that [\n                    <jats:sup>11<\/jats:sup>\n                    C]\u2010(+)\u2010PHNO BP\n                    <jats:sub>ND<\/jats:sub>\n                    was higher in ventral striatum, whereas [\n                    <jats:sup>11<\/jats:sup>\n                    C]raclopride BP\n                    <jats:sub>ND<\/jats:sub>\n                    was higher in motor and associative striatum. There were no significant group differences between TS and HC. Furthermore, TS and HC participants had similar [\n                    <jats:sup>11<\/jats:sup>\n                    C]\u2010(+)\u2010PHNO and [\n                    <jats:sup>11<\/jats:sup>\n                    C]raclopride BP\n                    <jats:sub>ND<\/jats:sub>\n                    in the three striatal subregions. Moreover, there was no significant correlation between BP\n                    <jats:sub>ND<\/jats:sub>\n                    and symptom severity. TS and HC participants had similar striatal D2\/3 receptor availability measures. These results challenge the assumption that striatal dopamine receptors have a major role in the pathophysiology of TS. Consistent with previous findings, [\n                    <jats:sup>11<\/jats:sup>\n                    C]\u2010(+)\u2010PHNO localized preferentially to ventral striatal, D3 receptor\u2010rich regions, in contrast to [\n                    <jats:sup>11<\/jats:sup>\n                    C]raclopride, which localized preferentially in the dorsal striatum.\n                    <jats:italic>Hum Brain Mapp 36:2592\u20132601, 2015<\/jats:italic>\n                    . \u00a9\n                    <jats:bold>2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc<\/jats:bold>\n                    .\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22793","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,18]],"date-time":"2015-03-18T05:14:52Z","timestamp":1426655692000},"page":"2592-2601","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Similar striatal D2\/D3 dopamine receptor availability in adults with\n                    <scp>T<\/scp>\n                    ourette syndrome compared with healthy controls: A [\n                    <sup>11<\/sup>\n                    C]\u2010(+)\u2010PHNO and [\n                    <sup>11<\/sup>\n                    C]raclopride positron emission tomography imaging study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Elia","family":"Abi\u2010Jaoude","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Segura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology University of Barcelona Barcelona Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ignacio","family":"Obeso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Institute of Cognitive Sciences, CNRS Lyon France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sang Soo","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Division of Brain Imaging and Behaviour\u2014Systems Neuroscience, Toronto Western Research Institute, UHN, University of Toronto  Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sylvain","family":"Houle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony E.","family":"Lang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorder Unit &amp; Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease and the Division of Neurology, Toronto Western Hospital, UHN, University of Toronto  Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pablo","family":"Rusjan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Sandor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University Health Network, University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Youthdale Treatment Centers Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio P.","family":"Strafella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Division of Brain Imaging and Behaviour\u2014Systems Neuroscience, Toronto Western Research Institute, UHN, University of Toronto  Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorder Unit &amp; Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease and the Division of Neurology, Toronto Western Hospital, UHN, University of Toronto  Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","first-page":"549","volume-title":"Handbook of Integrative Clinical Psychology, Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine: Perspectives, Practices and Research","author":"Abi\u2010Jaoude E","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM\u2010IV\u2010TR","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","unstructured":"BrettM AntonJ\u2010L ValabregueR PolineJ\u2010P(2002): Region of interest analysis using an SPM toolbox [abstract] Presented at the 8th International Conference on Functional Mapping of the Human Brain June 2\u20136 2002 Vol. 16 No. 2 Sendai Japan. 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