{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]],"date-time":"2026-06-20T09:44:59Z","timestamp":1781948699255,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,14]],"date-time":"2015-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1442188800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Human Brain Mapping"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Humans have the unique capacity to actively reflect on the thoughts, beliefs, and knowledge of others, but do we also track mental states spontaneously when observing other people? We asked this question by monitoring brain activity in belief\u2010sensitive cortex using functional near\u2010infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) during free\u2010viewing of social videos. More specifically, we identified a portion of the right temporal\u2010parietal junction (rTPJ) selective for mental state processing using an established, explicit theory of mind task, and then analyzed the brain response in that region of interest (ROI) during free\u2010viewing of video clips involving people producing goal\u2010directed actions. We found a significant increase in oxygenated hemoglobin concentration in our rTPJ ROI during free\u2010viewing for all of our test videos. Activity in this region was further modulated by the extent to which the knowledge state, or beliefs, of the protagonist regarding the location of an object contrasted with the reality of where the object was hidden. Open\u2010ended questioning suggested our participants were not explicitly focusing on belief states of the characters during free\u2010viewing. Further analyses ruled out lower\u2010level details of the video clips or general attentional differences between conditions as likely explanations for the results. As such, these results call into question the traditional characterization of theory of mind as a resource intensive, deliberate process, and, instead, support an emerging view of theory of mind as a foundation for, rather than the pinnacle of, human social cognition. <jats:italic>Hum Brain Mapp 36:4831\u20134846, 2015<\/jats:italic>. \u00a9 <jats:bold>2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc<\/jats:bold>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22953","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,14]],"date-time":"2015-09-14T13:31:11Z","timestamp":1442237471000},"page":"4831-4846","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Human temporal\u2010parietal junction spontaneously tracks others' beliefs: A functional near\u2010infrared spectroscopy study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Daniel C.","family":"Hyde","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Illinois Urbana\u2010Champaign Champaign Illinois"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariana","family":"Aparicio Betancourt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Program, Beckman Institute, University of Illinois Urbana\u2010Champaign, Urbana  Illinois"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charline E.","family":"Simon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Illinois Urbana\u2010Champaign Champaign Illinois"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2009.21082"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2007.05.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0016923"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.1854672"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2009.12.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","first-page":"253","volume-title":"Handbook of Research Methods in Social and Personality Psychology","author":"Bargh JA","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0277(85)90022-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2004.07.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4249\/scholarpedia.6997"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2000.0612"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0305000902005482"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ChaudharyU HallM GutierrezA MessingerD ReyG GodavartyA(2011): Joint attention studies in normal and autistic children using NIRS.Proc. SPIE7883 Photonic Therapeutics and Diagnostics VII 788348. doi:10.1117\/12.874360","DOI":"10.1117\/12.874360"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0885-2014(94)90012-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2009.03.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2010.03.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/9609.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.05.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2012.00147"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.10.069"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.07.033"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.12.040"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.1.000165"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0277(95)00692-R"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-8986.00057"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","first-page":"334","volume-title":"Understanding Other Minds: Perspective from Developmental Social Neuroscience","author":"Frith CD","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2006.05.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2008.10.032"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2010.07.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2012.01829.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-835X.2011.02070.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.48.00D280"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.06.030"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2009.21090"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0046737"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004647-199609000-00006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2013.08.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1190792"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0106558"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2012.3026"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2009.21287"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2009.01418.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2006.10.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7687.2008.00741.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17470919.2010.485884"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2007.03.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2005.12.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2008.0318"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2006.03.040"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2000.0657"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.WCB.0000043472.45775.29"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1107621"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2004.10.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X00076512"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2009.06.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2041-210X.2010.00014.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_57_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Handbook of Theory of Mind","author":"Saxe R","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(03)00230-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0025458"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2014.07.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/31\/5\/004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7687.2011.01103.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858410397208"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797611411584"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2007.01.042"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2007.01944.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(02)01550-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2002.1227"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(03)00021-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2007.01943.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_71_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Implicit and explicit social mentalizing: Dual processes driven by a shared neural network","volume":"7","author":"Overwalle F","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Human Neurosci"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8624.00304"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0277(83)90004-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.06.054"}],"container-title":["Human Brain Mapping"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fhbm.22953","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fhbm.22953","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/hbm.22953","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/hbm.22953","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/hbm.22953","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,7]],"date-time":"2023-09-07T19:59:19Z","timestamp":1694116759000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/hbm.22953"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,14]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/hbm.22953"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hbm.22953","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1065-9471","1097-0193"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1065-9471","type":"print"},{"value":"1097-0193","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,14]]}}}