{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T07:12:57Z","timestamp":1784272377211,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,23]],"date-time":"2015-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1450828800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Human Brain Mapping"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) patients, especially with concomitant microvascular disease, such as proliferative retinopathy, have an increased risk of cognitive deficits. Local cortical gray matter volume reductions only partially explain these cognitive dysfunctions, possibly because volume reductions do not take into account the complex connectivity structure of the brain. This study aimed to identify gray matter network alterations in relation to cognition in T1DM. <jats:italic>Methods<\/jats:italic>: We investigated if subject\u2010specific structural gray matter network properties, constructed from T1\u2010weighted MRI scans, were different between T1DM patients with (<jats:italic>n =<\/jats:italic> 51) and without (<jats:italic>n =<\/jats:italic> 53) proliferative retinopathy versus controls (<jats:italic>n =<\/jats:italic> 49), and were associated to cognitive decrements and fractional anisotropy, as measured by voxel\u2010based TBSS. Global normalized and local (45 bilateral anatomical regions) clustering coefficient and path length were assessed. These network properties measure how the organization of connections in a network differs from that of randomly connected networks. <jats:italic>Results<\/jats:italic>: Global gray matter network topology was more randomly organized in both T1DM patient groups versus controls, with the largest effects seen in patients with proliferative retinopathy. Lower local path length values were widely distributed throughout the brain. Lower local clustering was observed in the middle frontal, postcentral, and occipital areas. Complex network topology explained up to 20% of the variance of cognitive decrements, beyond other predictors. Exploratory analyses showed that lower fractional anisotropy was associated with a more random gray matter network organization. <jats:italic>Conclusion<\/jats:italic>: T1DM and proliferative retinopathy affect cortical network organization that may consequently contribute to clinically relevant changes in cognitive functioning in these patients. <jats:italic>Hum Brain Mapp 37:1194\u20131208, 2016<\/jats:italic>. \u00a9 <jats:bold>2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc<\/jats:bold>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.23096","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,23]],"date-time":"2015-12-23T15:24:39Z","timestamp":1450884279000},"page":"1194-1208","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Disrupted subject\u2010specific gray matter network properties and cognitive dysfunction in type 1 diabetes patients with and without proliferative retinopathy"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Eelco","family":"van Duinkerken","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes Center\/Department of Internal Medicine VU University Medical Center Amsterdam The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Medical Psychology VU University Medical Center Amsterdam The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Psychology Pontif\u00edcia Universidade Cat\u00f3lica Rio De Janeiro Brasil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard G.","family":"Ijzerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes Center\/Department of Internal Medicine VU University Medical Center Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Klein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Psychology VU University Medical Center Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annette C.","family":"Moll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology VU University Medical Center Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank J.","family":"Snoek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Psychology VU University Medical Center Amsterdam The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Medical Psychology Academic Medical Center Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip","family":"Scheltens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alzheimer Center\/Department of Neurology VU University Medical Center Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petra J.W.","family":"Pouwels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Medical Technology VU University Medical Center Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frederik","family":"Barkhof","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine VU University Medical Center Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michaela","family":"Diamant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes Center\/Department of Internal Medicine VU University Medical Center Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Betty M.","family":"Tijms","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alzheimer Center\/Department of Neurology VU University Medical Center Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00410281"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alem\u00e1n\u2010G\u00f3mezY Melie\u2010Garc\u00edaL Valdes\u2010Hern\u00e1ndezP.(2006): IBASPM: toolbox for automatic parcellation of brain structures. 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