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In contrast, pro\u2010inflammatory cytokines seem to have negative effects on the aging brain and have been related to dementia. It was investigated whether an inactive lifestyle and high levels of inflammation resulted in smaller gray\u2010matter volumes and predicted cognitive decline across 6 years in a population\u2010based study of older adults (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009414). Self\u2010reported physical activity (fitness\u2010enhancing, health\u2010enhancing, inadequate) was linked to gray\u2010matter volume, such that individuals with inadequate physical activity had the least gray matter. There were no overall associations between different pro\u2010and anti\u2010inflammatory markers (IL\u20101\u03b2, IL\u20106, IL\u201010, IL\u201012p40, IL\u201012p70, G\u2010CSF, and TNF\u2010\u03b1) and gray\u2010matter integrity. However, persons with inadequate activity and high levels of the pro\u2010inflammatory marker IL\u201012p40 had smaller volumes of lateral prefrontal cortex and hippocampus and declined more on the Mini\u2010Mental State Examination test over 6 years compared with physically inactive individuals with low levels of IL\u201012p40 and to more physically active persons, irrespective of their levels of IL\u201012p40. These patterns of data suggested that inflammation was particularly detrimental in inactive older adults and may exacerbate the negative effects of physical inactivity on brain and cognition in old age. <jats:italic>Hum Brain Mapp 37:3462\u20133473, 2016<\/jats:italic>. \u00a9 <jats:bold>2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:bold><\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.23252","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,9]],"date-time":"2016-05-09T16:24:28Z","timestamp":1462811068000},"page":"3462-3473","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Physical activity and inflammation: effects on gray\u2010matter volume and cognitive decline in aging"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Goran","family":"Papenberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Aging Research Center Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beata","family":"Ferencz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aging Research Center Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Mangialasche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aging Research Center Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrizia","family":"Mecocci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia Perugia Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberta","family":"Cecchetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia Perugia Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gr\u00e9goria","family":"Kalpouzos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aging Research Center Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Fratiglioni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aging Research Center Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden"},{"name":"Stockholm Gerontology Research Center Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lars","family":"B\u00e4ckman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aging Research Center Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden"},{"name":"Stockholm Gerontology Research Center Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. 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