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It remains unexplored how the axon\u2010guidance\u2010receptor gene <jats:italic>ROBO1<\/jats:italic> influences reading performance through the neural system despite the identification of <jats:italic>ROBO1<\/jats:italic> as a susceptibility gene for dyslexia. To address this issue, the present study recruited a group of children with a wide range of reading abilities. Two previously identified reading\u2010related <jats:italic>ROBO1<\/jats:italic> polymorphisms were genotyped, and diffusion and structural MRI were acquired to measure the fiber microstructure of the corpus callosum (CC), the major white\u2010matter tract that connects inter\u2010hemispheric cortical regions. The results confirmed the significant influence of the <jats:italic>ROBO1<\/jats:italic> polymorphisms on reading scores. The fiber microstructures of the midline\u2010CC segments around the genu and splenium were also affected by the <jats:italic>ROBO1<\/jats:italic> polymorphisms. Moreover, a mediation analysis further revealed that the genu could significantly mediate the effects of the <jats:italic>ROBO1<\/jats:italic> polymorphisms on word\u2010list reading performance, which suggests a <jats:italic>ROBO1<\/jats:italic>\u2010to\u2010genu\u2010to\u2010reading pathway. The genu\u2010linked cortical morphology, however, was not associated with either the <jats:italic>ROBO1<\/jats:italic> polymorphisms or reading performance. These findings offer direct evidence supporting <jats:italic>ROBO1<\/jats:italic>\u2010callosum association in humans and also provide valuable insight into the functions of <jats:italic>ROBO1<\/jats:italic> and the gene\u2010to\u2010brain mechanisms that underlie human reading. <jats:italic>Hum Brain Mapp 38:2616\u20132626, 2017<\/jats:italic>. \u00a9 <jats:bold>2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:bold><\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.23546","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,27]],"date-time":"2017-02-27T12:50:01Z","timestamp":1488199801000},"page":"2616-2626","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["<i>ROBO1<\/i> polymorphisms, callosal connectivity, and reading skills"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Xiaochen","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning &amp; IDG\/McGovern Institute for Brain Research Beijing Normal University Beijing 100875 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