{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T05:33:24Z","timestamp":1790746404930,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,17]],"date-time":"2017-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1505606400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["APP1091302"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APP1091302"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000156","name":"Fonds de Recherche du Qu\u00e9bec - Sant\u00e9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000156","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007867","name":"Universit\u00e9 Laval","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007867","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Human Brain Mapping"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The primary motor cortex (M1) presents a somatotopic organization of body parts, but with overlap between muscle\/movement representations. This distinct but overlapping M1 organization is believed to be important for individuated control and movement coordination, respectively. Discrete peaks of greater excitability observed within M1 might underpin organization of cortical motor control. This study aimed to examine interactions between M1 representations of synergist and antagonist forearm muscles, compare regions of greater excitability during different functional tasks, and compare characteristics of M1 representation recorded using surface and fine\u2010wire (<jats:sub>fw<\/jats:sub>) electrodes. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) was applied over M1 for mapping the representation of 4 forearm muscles (<jats:italic>extensor carpi radialis brevis<\/jats:italic> [ECRB], <jats:italic>extensor digitorum communis<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>flexor carpi radialis<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>flexor digitorum superficialis<\/jats:italic>) during three tasks: rest, grip, and wrist extension in 14 participants. There are three main findings. First, discrete areas of peak excitability within the M1 representation of ECRB<jats:sub>fw<\/jats:sub> were identified during grip and wrist extension suggesting that different M1 areas are involved in different motor functions. Second, M1 representations of synergist muscles presented with greater overlap of M1 representations than muscles with mainly antagonist actions, which suggests a role in muscle coordination. Third, as larger normalized map volume and overlap were observed using surface than fine\u2010wire electrodes, data suggest that cross\u2010talk from adjacent muscles compromised interpretation of recordings made with surface electrodes in response to TMS. These results provide a novel understanding of the spatial organization of M1 with evidence of \u201cfunctional somatotopy.\u201d This has important implications for cortical control of movement. <jats:italic>Hum Brain Mapp 38:6118\u20136132, 2017<\/jats:italic>. \u00a9 <jats:bold>2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:bold><\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.23816","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,18]],"date-time":"2017-09-18T14:26:37Z","timestamp":1505744797000},"page":"6118-6132","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["\u201cDiscrete peaks\u201d of excitability and map overlap reveal task\u2010specific organization of primary motor cortex for control of human forearm muscles"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4472-9656","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hugo","family":"Mass\u00e9\u2010Alarie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Injury &amp; Health, School of Health &amp; Rehabilitation Sciences The University of Queensland NHMRC Centre of Clinical Research Excellence in Spinal Pain Brisbane Queensland Australia"},{"name":"CHU de Qu\u00e9bec Research Center, Neuroscience Unit (CHUL), Laboratory of Clinical Neuroscience and neuroStimulation Universit\u00e9 Laval (Rehabilitation Dept) Qu\u00e9bec City Quebec Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael J.G.","family":"Bergin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Injury &amp; Health, School of Health &amp; Rehabilitation Sciences The University of Queensland NHMRC Centre of Clinical Research Excellence in Spinal Pain Brisbane Queensland Australia"},{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital and Harvard Medical School Charlestown Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cyril","family":"Schneider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CHU de Qu\u00e9bec Research Center, Neuroscience Unit (CHUL), Laboratory of Clinical Neuroscience and neuroStimulation Universit\u00e9 Laval (Rehabilitation Dept) Qu\u00e9bec City Quebec Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siobhan","family":"Schabrun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Injury &amp; Health, School of Health &amp; Rehabilitation Sciences The University of Queensland NHMRC Centre of Clinical Research Excellence in Spinal Pain Brisbane Queensland Australia"},{"name":"Western Sydney University, Brain Rehabilitation and Neuroplasticity Unit, School of Science and Health, Campbelltown Campus, Locked Bag 1797 Penrith New South Wales 2751 Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul W.","family":"Hodges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Injury &amp; Health, School of Health &amp; Rehabilitation Sciences The University of Queensland NHMRC Centre of Clinical Research Excellence in Spinal Pain Brisbane Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2016.12.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2000.0737"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-013-2777-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004691-199201000-00014"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/107385403262109"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0317167100000196"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2013.07.050"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.10084"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2006.04760.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.2002.87.6.3006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00228996"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2006.36.3.170"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1993.sp019639"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2007.12.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","article-title":"Selectivity of conventional electrodes for recording motor evoked potentials: An investigation with high\u2010density surface electromyography","author":"Gallina A","year":"2016","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0013-4694(96)95190-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2010.10.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","first-page":"413","volume-title":"What Features of Voluntary Motor Control are Encoded in the Neuronal Discharge of Different Cortical Motor Areas. 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