{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T19:39:46Z","timestamp":1790969986813,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,31]],"date-time":"2017-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1509408000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F\u00f6rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["s\u201063209\u201005\u201001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["s\u201063209\u201005\u201001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Human Brain Mapping"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Auditory\u2010visual (AV) synesthesia is a rare phenomenon in which an auditory stimulus induces a \u201cconcurrent\u201d color sensation. Current neurophysiological models of synesthesia mainly hypothesize \u201chyperconnected\u201d and \u201chyperactivated\u201d brains, but differ in the directionality of signal transmission. The two\u2010stage model proposes bottom\u2013up signal transmission from inducer\u2010 to concurrent\u2010 to higher\u2010order brain areas, whereas the disinhibited feedback model postulates top\u2013down signal transmission from inducer\u2010 to higher\u2010order\u2010 to concurrent brain areas. To test the different models of synesthesia, we estimated local current density, directed and undirected connectivity patterns in the intracranial space during 2 min of resting\u2010state (RS) EEG in 11 AV synesthetes and 11 nonsynesthetes. AV synesthetes demonstrated increased parietal theta, alpha, and lower beta current density compared to nonsynesthetes. Furthermore, AV synesthetes were characterized by increased top\u2013down signal transmission from the superior parietal lobe to the left color processing area V4 in the upper beta frequency band. Analyses of undirected connectivity revealed a global, synesthesia\u2010specific hyperconnectivity in the alpha frequency band. The involvement of the superior parietal lobe even during rest is a strong indicator for its key role in AV synesthesia. By demonstrating top\u2013down signal transmission in AV synesthetes, we provide direct support for the disinhibited feedback model of synesthesia. Finally, we suggest that synesthesia is a consequence of global hyperconnectivity. <jats:italic>Hum Brain Mapp 39:522\u2013531, 2018<\/jats:italic>. \u00a9 <jats:bold>2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:bold><\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.23861","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,31]],"date-time":"2017-10-31T05:12:41Z","timestamp":1509426761000},"page":"522-531","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Top\u2013down signal transmission and global hyperconnectivity in auditory\u2010visual synesthesia: Evidence from a functional E<scp>EG<\/scp> resting\u2010state study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"39","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4101-7725","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian","family":"Brauchli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropsychology Institute of Psychology, University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1721-450X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan","family":"Elmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropsychology Institute of Psychology, University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lars","family":"Rogenmoser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Integrative Neuroscience and Cognition, Department of Neuroscience Georgetown, University Medical Center  Washington DC"},{"name":"Neuroimaging and Stroke Recovery Laboratory, Department of Neurology Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anja","family":"Burkhard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropsychology Institute of Psychology, University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lutz","family":"J\u00e4ncke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropsychology Institute of Psychology, University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland"},{"name":"Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland"},{"name":"International Normal Aging and Plasticity Imaging Center (INAPIC), University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland"},{"name":"University Research Priority Program (URPP) \u201cDynamic of Healthy Aging\u201d, University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Special Education King Abdulaziz University Jeddah Saudi 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