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However, treatment response is limited and there are no good demographic or clinical predictors for treatment outcome. We used state\u2010of\u2010the\u2010art voxel\u2010based morphometry (VBM) to investigate whether transcranial magnetic stimulation\u2010induced neuroplasticity determines therapeutic outcome. Sixty subjects chronically experiencing phantom sounds (i.e., tinnitus) received repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) of left dorsolateral prefrontal and temporal cortex according to a protocol that has been shown to yield a significantly higher number of treatment responders than sham stimulation and previous stimulation protocols. Structural magnetic resonance imaging was performed before and after rTMS. In VBM whole\u2010brain analyses (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05, FWE corrected), we assessed longitudinal gray matter changes as well as structural connectivity between the ensuing regions. We observed longitudinal mesoscopic gray matter changes of left dorsolateral prefontal (DLPFC), left operculo\u2010insular, and right inferior temporal cortex (ITC) in responders (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200922) but not nonresponders (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200938), as indicated by a group \u00d7 time interaction and post\u2010hoc tests. These results were neither influenced by age, sex, hearing loss nor by tinnitus laterality, duration, and severity at baseline. Furthermore, we found robust DLPFC\u2013insula and insula\u2013ITC connectivity in responders, while only relatively weak DLPFC\u2013insula connectivity and no insula\u2013ITC connectivity could be demonstrated in nonresponders. Our results reinforce the implication of nonauditory brain regions in phantom sounds and suggest the dependence of therapeutic response on their neuroplastic capabilities. The latter in turn may depend on (differences in) their individual structural connectivity. <jats:italic>Hum Brain Mapp 39:554\u2013562, 2018<\/jats:italic>. \u00a9 <jats:bold>2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:bold><\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.23864","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,24]],"date-time":"2017-10-24T13:17:01Z","timestamp":1508851021000},"page":"554-562","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Brain stimulation\u2010induced neuroplasticity underlying therapeutic response in phantom sounds"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"39","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5992-5695","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Timm B.","family":"Poeppl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy University of Regensburg Regensburg Germany"},{"name":"Tinnitus Center, University of Regensburg Regensburg 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Psychiatry and Psychotherapy University of Regensburg Regensburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter M.","family":"Kreuzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy University of Regensburg Regensburg Germany"},{"name":"Tinnitus Center, University of Regensburg Regensburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Landgrebe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy University of Regensburg Regensburg Germany"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics Lech Mangfall Hospital Agatharied Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6208-7821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Schecklmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy University of 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