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In previous electroencephalogram (EEG) studies, tACS has been found to modulate brain oscillatory activity in a frequency\u2010specific manner. However, the spatial distribution and hemodynamic response for this modulation remains poorly understood. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has the advantage of measuring neuronal activity in regions not only below the tACS electrodes but also across the whole brain with high spatial resolution. Here, we measured fMRI signal while applying tACS to modulate rhythmic visual activity. During fMRI acquisition, tACS at different frequencies (4, 8, 16, and 32 Hz) was applied along with visual flicker stimulation at 8 and 16 Hz. We analyzed the blood\u2010oxygen\u2010level\u2010dependent (BOLD) signal difference between tACS\u2010ON vs tACS\u2010OFF, and different frequency combinations (e.g., 4\u00a0Hz tACS, 8\u00a0Hz flicker vs 8\u00a0Hz tACS, 8\u00a0Hz flicker). We observed significant tACS modulation effects on BOLD responses when the tACS frequency matched the visual flicker frequency or the second harmonic frequency. The main effects were predominantly seen in regions that were activated by the visual task and targeted by the tACS current distribution. These findings bridge different scientific domains of tACS research and demonstrate that fMRI could localize the tACS effect on stimulus\u2010induced brain rhythms, which could lead to a new approach for understanding the high\u2010level cognitive process shaped by the ongoing oscillatory signal.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.23990","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,1]],"date-time":"2018-02-01T16:06:39Z","timestamp":1517501199000},"page":"2111-2120","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Frequency\u2010dependent t<scp>ACS<\/scp> modulation of <scp>BOLD<\/scp> signal during rhythmic visual stimulation"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Yuhui","family":"Chai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Section on Functional Imaging Methods, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health Bethesda Maryland"},{"name":"Center for MRI Research, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University Beijing China"},{"name":"Beijing City Key Lab for Medical Physics and Engineering Institution of Heavy Ion Physics, School of Physics, Peking University Beijing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jingwei","family":"Sheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section on Functional Imaging Methods, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health Bethesda Maryland"},{"name":"Beijing City Key Lab for Medical Physics and Engineering Institution of Heavy Ion Physics, School of Physics, Peking University Beijing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter A.","family":"Bandettini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section on Functional Imaging Methods, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health Bethesda Maryland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9311-0297","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jia\u2010Hong","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for MRI Research, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University Beijing China"},{"name":"Beijing City Key Lab for Medical Physics and Engineering Institution of Heavy Ion Physics, School of Physics, Peking University Beijing China"},{"name":"McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University Beijing China"},{"name":"Shenzhen Institute of Neuroscience Shenzhen China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.11.034"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5867-12.2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.11.085"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1756-16.2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(99)80067-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.23016"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.10.058"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.05.069"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","unstructured":"Dalal S. 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