{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T10:57:50Z","timestamp":1788519470800,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,8]],"date-time":"2018-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1528416000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F\u00f6rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["320030_153387"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["320030_153387"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Human Brain Mapping"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The glutamatergic \u03b1\u2010amino\u20103\u2010hydroxy\u20105\u2010methyl\u20104\u2010isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor is involved in synaptic plasticity processes, and animal studies have demonstrated altered expression across the sleep wake cycle. Accordingly, glutamate levels are reduced during non\u2010rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep and the rate of this decrease is positively correlated with sleep EEG slow wave activity (SWA). Here, we combined proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (\n                    <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\n                    H\u2010MRS) and high\u2010density sleep EEG to assess if\n                    <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\n                    H\u2010MRS is sensitive to diurnal changes of glutamate\u2009+\u2009glutamine (GLX) in healthy young adults and if potential overnight changes of GLX are correlated to SWA.\n                    <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\n                    H\u2010MRS was measured in the parietal lobe in the evening and in the subsequent morning. High\u2010density sleep EEG was recorded overnight between the evening and morning scans. Our results revealed a significant overnight reduction in GLX, but no significant changes in other metabolites. The decrease in GLX positively correlated with the decrease of SWA. Our study demonstrates that quantification of diurnal changes in GLX is possible by means of\n                    <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\n                    H\u2010MRS and indicates that overnight changes in GLX are related to SWA, a marker that is closely linked to the restorative function of sleep. This relationship might be of particular interest in clinical populations in which sleep is disturbed.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.24225","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,9]],"date-time":"2018-06-09T02:07:40Z","timestamp":1528510060000},"page":"3984-3992","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Diurnal changes in glutamate\u2009+\u2009glutamine levels of healthy young adults assessed by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"39","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6104-626X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carina","family":"Volk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich Z\u00fcrich Switzerland"},{"name":"Child Development Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich Z\u00fcrich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valeria","family":"Jaramillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich Z\u00fcrich Switzerland"},{"name":"Child Development Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich Z\u00fcrich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renato","family":"Merki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich Z\u00fcrich Switzerland"},{"name":"Child Development Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich Z\u00fcrich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruth","family":"O'Gorman Tuura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich Z\u00fcrich Switzerland"},{"name":"MR Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich Z\u00fcrich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reto","family":"Huber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich Z\u00fcrich Switzerland"},{"name":"Child Development Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich Z\u00fcrich Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Psychiatric Hospital University of Zurich Z\u00fcrich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2005.02.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2004.21.1539"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.24665"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2015.79"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B0-72-160797-7\/50040-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.24611"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5486-08.2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2003.10.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2016.08.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.1979.tb02991.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1866-1955-4-23"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/32.6.719"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22841"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1758"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02663"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2013.10.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","unstructured":"Iber C. Ancoli\u2010Israel S. Chesson A. &Quan S. F.(2007). The AASM manual for the scoring of sleep and associated events: rules terminology and technical specifications. (ed.) A. A. o. S. Medicine 1st edition. 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