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In this study, we investigated the spatio\u2013temporal neural correlates of cognitive control using simultaneous functional magnetic resonance imaging and electroencephalography, while 22 participants (10 women) performed a numerical Stroop task. We investigated the spatial and temporal dynamic of the conflict adaptation effects (i.e., reduced interference on items that follow an incongruent stimulus compared to after a congruent stimulus). Joint independent component analysis linked the N200 component to activation of anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and the conflict slow potential to widespread activations within the fronto\u2013parietal executive control network. Connectivity analyses with psychophysiological interactions and dynamic causal modeling demonstrated coordinated engagement of the cognitive control network after the processing of an incongruent item, and this was correlated with better behavioral performance. Our results combined high spatial and temporal resolution to propose the following network of conflict adaptation effect and specify the time course of activation within this model: first, the anterior insula and inferior frontal gyrus are activated when incongruence is detected. These regions then signal the need for higher control to the ACC, which in turn activates the fronto\u2013parietal executive control network to improve the performance on the next trial.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.24356","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,27]],"date-time":"2018-09-27T06:35:37Z","timestamp":1538030137000},"page":"80-97","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Spatio\u2013temporal patterns of cognitive control revealed with simultaneous electroencephalography and functional magnetic resonance imaging"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9939-0640","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Hinault","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"McConnell Brain Imaging Centre Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University  Montreal Quebec Canada"},{"name":"Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences 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