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Converging evidence from behavioral and functional neuroimaging studies has suggested that a hyperactive cognitive system and a hypo\u2010active affective system contribute to the false world model that generates the GF. However, the neuroanatomical basis underlying the GF remains unclear. The current study addressed this issue by collecting high\u2010resolution magnetic resonance anatomical images from a large sample of 350 healthy Chinese adults. Univariate voxel\u2010based morphometry (VBM) analysis suggested that the gray matter volume (GMV) in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and medial temporal lobe (MTL) (two regions of the cognitive system) showed negative correlations with the degree of GF, while the GMV in the striatum and orbitofrontal cortex (OFC; two regions of the affective system) showed positive correlations. Further multivariate VBM analysis showed that the GMV in these regions could potentially predict the degree of GF. Moreover, a mediation analysis suggested that the GMV in MTL, ACC, and OFC mediated the relationships between the cognitive abilities or affective decision\u2010making performance and the GF. Results of our study help us to understand the potential neural bases of the cognitive system's constructive role and the affective system's destructive role in decision making.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.24425","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,12]],"date-time":"2018-10-12T06:10:59Z","timestamp":1539324659000},"page":"967-975","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["The neuroanatomical basis of the Gambler's fallacy: A univariate and multivariate morphometric study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Xiaolu","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Psychology Southwest University  Chongqing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanqi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning &amp; IDG\/McGovern Institute for Brain Research Beijing Normal University  Beijing China"},{"name":"School of Psychology and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chuansheng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology and Social Behaviors University of California  Irvine California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gui","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning &amp; IDG\/McGovern Institute for Brain Research Beijing Normal University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6396-6273","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qinghua","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Psychology Southwest University  Chongqing China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education Southwest University  Chongqing China"},{"name":"Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing, China"},{"name":"Southwest University Branch Collaborative Innovation Center of Assessment toward Basic Education Quality at Beijing Normal University  Chongqing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Voxel\u2010based morphometry of the human brain: Methods and applications","volume":"1","author":"Ashburner J.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Current Medical Imaging Reviews"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03206327"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awg177"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1209"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/10.3.295"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.275.5304.1293"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1001093"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/11.9.825"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03206480"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.1999.0486"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awn066"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1322295111"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0037015"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1128356"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/096582199387823"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0402680101"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2001.0786"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1001709107"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12021-008-9041-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03637750903310360"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","unstructured":"Hayes A. 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