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Here, we conducted a systematic review and activation likelihood estimation (ALE) meta\u2010analysis on SP, testing the impact of the inclusion of ROI\u2010based studies. ALE meta\u2010analyses were carried out either including ROI\u2010based results or focusing on whole\u2010brain voxelwise studies exclusively. To assess the risk of bias in the neuroimaging field, we modified the Newcastle\u2013Ottawa Scale (NOS) and measured the reliability of fMRI findings. Of the 31 selected investigations (564 patients and 485 controls) one\u2010third did not motivate ROI selection: five studies did not report an explicit rationale, whereas four did not cite any specific reference in this regard. Analyses including ROI\u2010based studies revealed differences between phobics and healthy subjects in several regions of the limbic circuit. However, when focusing on whole\u2010brain analysis, only the anterior midcingulate cortex differentiated SP from controls. Notably, 13 studies were labeled with low risk of bias according to the adapted NOS. The inclusion of ROI\u2010based results artificially inflates group differences in fMRI meta\u2010analyses. Moreover, a priori, well\u2010motivated selection of ROIs is desirable to improve quality and reproducibility in SP neuroimaging studies. Lastly, the use of modified NOS may represent a valuable way to assess and evaluate biases in fMRI studies: \u201clow risk\u201d of bias was reported for less than half of the included studies, indicating the need for better practices in fMRI.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.24492","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,13]],"date-time":"2018-12-13T06:59:42Z","timestamp":1544684382000},"page":"1814-1828","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["ROI and phobias: The effect of ROI approach on an ALE meta\u2010analysis of specific phobias"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2579-8755","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudio","family":"Gentili","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Psychology University of Padova  Padova Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1430-6807","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simone","family":"Messerotti Benvenuti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Psychology University of Padova  Padova Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8027-9053","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giada","family":"Lettieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IMT School for Advanced Studies Lucca  Lucca Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5472-546X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristiano","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Psychology University of Padova  Padova Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5184-6477","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Cecchetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IMT School for Advanced Studies Lucca  Lucca Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM\u20105","author":"APA","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2016.12.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/da.20569"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2012.00149"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291709005972"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2010.07424.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/iub.1636"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1801582115"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/neuro.11.033.2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2012.07.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2013.03.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/cbmr.1996.0014"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","first-page":"065862","article-title":"AFNI and clustering: False positive rates redux","volume":"2016","author":"Cox R. 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