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RD and ADHD frequently co\u2010occur, which raises questions about how the disorders interact and to what extent they can be differentiated. To date, the underlying neural mechanisms leading to RD\u2013ADHD comorbidity (COM) are not understood. In this study, structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) were combined with comprehensive behavioral testing in order to characterize the behavior, brain structure, and neural correlates of executive function, phonological processing and reading fluency in 60 children with clinical diagnoses of RD, ADHD, or COM, and controls. Whole\u2010brain analyses of variance were performed on cortical thickness values and on the data of the three fMRI tasks to investigate overall group differences. To validate these findings, a region of interest analysis was performed in regions that have previously been shown to exhibit group differences in children with RD or ADHD using the same paradigms. The neuroimaging results demonstrated structural and functional atypicalities for COM in regions that are frequently associated with deficits in children with isolated ADHD or RD. A combination of shared and distinctive brain alterations between the clinical groups was identified, supporting the multiple deficit model for ADHD, RD, and its comorbidity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.24552","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,20]],"date-time":"2019-02-20T05:37:22Z","timestamp":1550641042000},"page":"2677-2698","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":83,"title":["Comorbidity of reading disabilities and ADHD: Structural and functional brain characteristics"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6038-9471","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicolas","family":"Langer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratories of Cognitive Neuroscience, Division of Developmental Medicine, Department of Medicine Boston Children's Hospital  Boston Massachusetts"},{"name":"Harvard Medical School  Boston Massachusetts"},{"name":"Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology University of Zurich  Zurich Switzerland"},{"name":"University Research Priority Program (URPP) Dynamics of Healthy Aging  Zurich Switzerland"},{"name":"Neuroscience Center Zurich (ZNZ)  Zurich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2000-9016","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher","family":"Benjamin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratories of Cognitive Neuroscience, Division of Developmental Medicine, Department of Medicine Boston Children's Hospital  Boston Massachusetts"},{"name":"Neurology, Neurosurgery &amp; Psychology Yale University  New Haven Connecticut"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bryce L. 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