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Connectome\u2010level mechanisms for how the brain compensates for injury have not been fully characterized. Here, we collected serial MRI\u2010based structural and functional connectome metrics and neuropsychological scores in 26 mild traumatic brain injury subjects (29.4\u2009\u00b1\u20098.0\u2009years, 20 males) at 1 and 6\u2009months postinjury. We quantified the relationship between functional and structural connectomes using network diffusion (ND) model propagation time, a measure that can be interpreted as how much of the structural connectome is being utilized for the spread of functional activation, as captured via the functional connectome. Overall cognition showed significant improvement from 1 to 6\u2009months (\n                    <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>25<\/jats:sub>\n                    = \u22122.15,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = .04). None of the structural or functional global connectome metrics was significantly different between 1 and 6\u2009months, or when compared to 34 age\u2010 and gender\u2010matched controls (28.6\u2009\u00b1\u20098.8\u2009years, 25 males). We predicted longitudinal changes in overall cognition from changes in global connectome measures using a partial least squares regression model (cross\u2010validated\n                    <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    = .27). We observe that increased ND model propagation time, increased structural connectome segregation, and increased functional connectome integration were related to better cognitive recovery. We interpret these findings as suggesting two connectome\u2010based postinjury recovery mechanisms: one of neuroplasticity that increases functional connectome integration and one of remote white matter degeneration that increases structural connectome segregation. We hypothesize that our inherently multimodal measure of ND model propagation time captures the interplay between these two mechanisms.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.24713","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,11]],"date-time":"2019-07-11T10:40:53Z","timestamp":1562841653000},"page":"4441-4456","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["Longitudinal increases in structural connectome segregation and functional connectome integration are associated with better recovery after mild TBI"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5050-8342","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amy F.","family":"Kuceyeski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Weill Cornell Medicine  New York New York"},{"name":"Brain and Mind Research Institute Weill Cornell Medicine  New York New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keith W.","family":"Jamison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Weill Cornell Medicine  New York New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia P.","family":"Owen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging University of California  San Francisco California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashish","family":"Raj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging University of California  San Francisco California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pratik","family":"Mukherjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging University of California  San Francisco California"},{"name":"Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences University of California  San Francisco California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.02.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1004564"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.12.039"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","first-page":"999","article-title":"Neurobehavioral consequences of traumatic brain injury","volume":"73","author":"Ashman T. 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