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Ninety\u2010one EP\/ELBW children were recruited at a mean (standard deviation) age of 7.8 (0.4) years. Children were randomly allocated to Cogmed or placebo (45\u2010min sessions, 5\u2009days a week over 5\u20137\u2009weeks). A subset had usable magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data pretraining and 2\u2009weeks posttraining (structural,\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 48; diffusion,\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 43; task\u2010based functional,\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 18). Statistical analyses examined whether cortical morphometry, white matter microstructure and blood oxygenation level\u2010dependent (BOLD) signal during an\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010back working memory task changed from pretraining to posttraining in the Cogmed and placebo groups separately. Interaction analyses between time point and group were then performed. There was a significant increase in neurite density in several white matter regions from pretraining to posttraining in both the Cogmed and placebo groups. BOLD signal in the posterior cingulate and precuneus cortices during the\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010back task increased from pretraining to posttraining in the Cogmed but not placebo group. Evidence for group\u2010by\u2010time interactions for the MRI measures was weak, suggesting that brain changes generally did not differ between Cogmed and placebo groups. Overall, while some structural and functional MRI changes between the pretraining and posttraining period in EP\/ELBW children were observed, there was little evidence of training\u2010induced neuroplasticity, with changes generally identified in both groups. Trial registration Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry,\n                    <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/anzctr.org.au\">anzctr.org.au<\/jats:ext-link>\n                    ; ACTRN12612000124831.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.24832","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,12]],"date-time":"2019-11-12T07:54:03Z","timestamp":1573545243000},"page":"684-696","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Working memory training and brain structure and function in extremely preterm or extremely low birth weight children"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6564-0872","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claire E.","family":"Kelly","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Victorian Infant Brain Studies (VIBeS), Murdoch Children's Research Institute  Melbourne 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King's College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Gathercole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge  Cambridge UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gehan","family":"Roberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics The University of Melbourne  Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Health Services, Population Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute  Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Community Child Health Royal Children's Hospital  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine J.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Victorian Infant Brain Studies (VIBeS), Murdoch Children's Research Institute  Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Department of Paediatrics The University of 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