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However, lacking systematic comparative studies between stimulation\u2010induced changes in cortical excitability obtained from TMS, and cortical neurovascular activity obtained from fMRI, prevent the extrapolation of respective physiological and mechanistic bases. We investigated polarity\u2010 and intensity\u2010dependent effects of tDCS on cerebral blood flow (CBF) using resting\u2010state arterial spin labeling (ASL\u2010MRI), and compared the respective changes to TMS\u2010induced cortical excitability (amplitudes of motor evoked potentials, MEP) in separate sessions within the same subjects (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 29). Fifteen minutes of sham, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0\u2010mA anodal or cathodal tDCS was applied over the left primary motor cortex (M1) in a randomized repeated\u2010measure design. Time\u2010course changes were measured before, during and intermittently up to 120\u2010min after stimulation. ROI analyses indicated linear intensity\u2010 and polarity\u2010dependent tDCS after\u2010effects: all anodal\u2010M1 intensities increased CBF under the M1 electrode, with 2.0\u2010mA increasing CBF the greatest (15.3%) compared to sham, while all cathodal\u2010M1 intensities decreased left M1 CBF from baseline, with 2.0\u2010mA decreasing the greatest (\u22129.3%) from sham after 120\u2010min. The spatial distribution of perfusion changes correlated with the predicted electric field, as simulated with finite element modeling. Moreover, tDCS\u2010induced excitability changes correlated more strongly with perfusion changes in the left sensorimotor region compared to the targeted hand\u2010knob region. Our findings reveal lasting tDCS\u2010induced alterations in cerebral perfusion, which are dose\u2010dependent with tDCS parameters, but only partially account for excitability changes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.24901","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,20]],"date-time":"2019-12-20T15:33:08Z","timestamp":1576855988000},"page":"1644-1666","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":123,"title":["Current intensity\u2010 and polarity\u2010specific online and aftereffects of transcranial direct current stimulation: An fMRI study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3497-675X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asif","family":"Jamil","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Psychology and Neurosciences Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors  Dortmund Germany"},{"name":"REVAL Research Institute, University of Hasselt  Hasselt Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giorgi","family":"Batsikadze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Essen University Hospital University of Duisburg\u2010Essen  Essen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hsiao\u2010I.","family":"Kuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Psychology and Neurosciences Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors  Dortmund Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raf L. 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