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Whether or not this notion generalises across languages remains, however, unclear. Particularly, tonal languages are an interesting test case because of the dual linguistic function of pitch that conveys lexical meaning in form of tone, in addition to intonation. To date, only few studies have explored how intonation is processed in tonal languages, how this compares to tone and between tonal and non\u2010tonal language speakers. The present fMRI study addressed these questions by testing Mandarin and German speakers with Mandarin material. Both groups categorised mono\u2010syllabic Mandarin words in terms of intonation, tone, and voice gender. Systematic comparisons of brain activity of the two groups between the three tasks showed large cross\u2010linguistic commonalities in the neural processing of intonation in left fronto\u2010parietal, right frontal, and bilateral cingulo\u2010opercular regions. These areas are associated with general phonological, specific prosodic, and controlled categorical decision\u2010making processes, respectively. Tone processing overlapped with intonation processing in left fronto\u2010parietal areas, in both groups, but evoked additional activity in bilateral temporo\u2010parietal semantic regions and subcortical areas in Mandarin speakers only. Together, these findings confirm cross\u2010linguistic commonalities in the neural implementation of intonation processing but dissociations for semantic processing of tone only in tonal language speakers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.24916","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,20]],"date-time":"2020-01-20T13:25:49Z","timestamp":1579526749000},"page":"1842-1858","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Neural correlates of intonation and lexical tone in tonal and non\u2010tonal language speakers"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7810-107X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pei\u2010Ju","family":"Chien","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"International Max Planck Research School NeuroCom Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences  Leipzig Germany"},{"name":"Otto Hahn Group \u201cNeural Bases of Intonation in Speech and Music\u201d Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences  Leipzig Germany"},{"name":"Lise Meitner Research Group \u201cCognition and Plasticity\u201d Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences  Leipzig Germany"},{"name":"Department of Neuropsychology Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences  Leipzig Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6328-865X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angela D.","family":"Friederici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropsychology Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences  Leipzig Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8084-1330","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gesa","family":"Hartwigsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lise Meitner Research Group \u201cCognition and Plasticity\u201d Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences  Leipzig Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7458-0229","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela","family":"Sammler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Otto Hahn Group \u201cNeural Bases of Intonation in Speech and Music\u201d Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences  Leipzig Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1736359"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1201"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9924(03)00019-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/026870399401957"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nst124"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2011.10.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhp055"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1000531107"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2008.12.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhm131"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.10.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","volume-title":"A grammar of spoken Chinese","author":"Chao Y. 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