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These properties condition the level of excitability of local pools of neurons. In this study, we described TMS evoked potentials (TEP) input\u2013output properties to provide new insights into regional cortical excitability. We combined robotized TMS with EEG to disentangle region\u2010specific TEP from threshold to saturation and describe their oscillatory contents. Twenty\u2010two young healthy participants received robotized TMS pulses over the right primary motor cortex (M1), the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and the right superior occipital lobe (SOL) at five stimulation intensities (40, 60, 80, 100, and 120% resting motor threshold) and one short\u2010interval intracortical inhibition condition during EEG recordings. Ten additional subjects underwent the same experiment with a realistic sham TMS procedure. The results revealed interregional differences in the TEPs input\u2013output functions as well as in the responses to paired\u2010pulse conditioning protocols, when considering early local components (&lt;80\u2009ms). Each intensity in the three regions was associated with complex patterns of oscillatory activities. The quality of the regression of TEPs over stimulation intensity was used to derive a new readout for cortical excitability and dynamical properties, revealing lower excitability in the DLPFC, followed by SOL and M1. The realistic sham experiment confirmed that these early local components were not contaminated by multisensory stimulations. This study provides an entirely new analytic framework to characterize input\u2013output relations throughout the cortex, paving the way to a more accurate definition of local cortical excitability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.24975","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,7]],"date-time":"2020-05-07T14:20:40Z","timestamp":1588861240000},"page":"2741-2761","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Probing regional cortical excitability via input\u2013output properties using transcranial magnetic stimulation and electroencephalography coupling"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3262-5251","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Estelle","family":"Raffin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences Grenoble France"},{"name":"Defitech Chair of Clinical Neuroengineering, Center for Neuroprosthetics (CNP) and Brain Mind Institute (BMI), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL) Geneva Switzerland"},{"name":"Defitech Chair of Clinical Neuroengineering, Center for Neuroprosthetics (CNP) and Brain Mind Institute (BMI), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL Valais), Clinique Romande de R\u00e9adaptation Sion Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8756-2230","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sylvain","family":"Harquel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNRS, UMR5105, Laboratoire Psychologie et NeuroCognition, LPNC University of Grenoble Alpes Grenoble France"},{"name":"University of Grenoble\u2010Alpes, CNRS, CHU Grenoble Alpes, INSERM, CNRS, IRMaGe Grenoble France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brice","family":"Passera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences Grenoble France"},{"name":"CNRS, UMR5105, Laboratoire Psychologie et NeuroCognition, LPNC University of Grenoble Alpes Grenoble France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan","family":"Chauvin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNRS, UMR5105, Laboratoire Psychologie et NeuroCognition, LPNC University of Grenoble Alpes Grenoble France"},{"name":"University of Grenoble\u2010Alpes, CNRS, CHU Grenoble Alpes, INSERM, CNRS, IRMaGe Grenoble France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thierry","family":"Bougerol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences Grenoble France"},{"name":"CNRS, UMR5105, Laboratoire Psychologie et NeuroCognition, LPNC University of Grenoble Alpes Grenoble France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0776-0216","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olivier","family":"David","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences Grenoble France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-198701000-00031"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","first-page":"13","volume-title":"Supplements to clinical neurophysiology","author":"Awiszus F.","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","first-page":"131","article-title":"Cortical excitability and neurology: Insights into the pathophysiology","volume":"27","author":"Badawy R. 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