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We proposed the regional vulnerability index (RVI) to translate the results of Enhancing Neuro Imaging Genetics Meta\u2010Analysis studies to the individual level. We calculated RVIs for cortical, subcortical, and white matter measurements and a multimodality RVI. We evaluated RVI as a measure sensitive to schizophrenia\u2010specific neuroanatomical deficits and symptoms and studied the timeline of deficit formations in: early (\u22645\u2009years since diagnosis, <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u200945, age\u00a0=\u00a028.8\u00a0\u00b1\u20098.5); intermediate (6\u201320\u2009years, <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u200930, age 43.3\u00a0\u00b1\u20098.6); and chronic (21+ years, <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u200944, age\u00a0=\u00a052.5\u00a0\u00b1\u20095.2) patients and healthy controls (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u200976, age\u00a0=\u00a038.6\u00a0\u00b1\u200912.4). All RVIs were significantly elevated in patients compared to controls, with the multimodal RVI showing the largest effect size, followed by cortical, white matter and subcortical RVIs (<jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u20091.57, 1.23, 1.09, and 0.61, all <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u200910<jats:sup>\u22126<\/jats:sup>). Multimodal RVI was significantly correlated with multiple cognitive variables including measures of visual learning, working memory and the total score of the MATRICS consensus cognitive battery, and with negative symptoms. The multimodality and white matter RVIs were significantly elevated in the intermediate and chronic versus early diagnosis group, consistent with ongoing progression. Cortical RVI was stable in the three disease\u2010duration groups, suggesting neurodevelopmental origins of cortical deficits. In summary, neuroanatomical deficits in schizophrenia affect the entire brain; the heterochronicity of their appearance indicates both the neurodevelopmental and progressive nature of this illness. These deficit patterns may be useful for early diagnosis and as quantitative targets for more effective treatment strategies aiming to alter these neuroanatomical deficit patterns.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.25045","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,28]],"date-time":"2020-05-28T14:36:28Z","timestamp":1590676588000},"page":"566-575","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Translating <scp>ENIGMA<\/scp> schizophrenia findings using the regional vulnerability index: Association with cognition, symptoms, and disease trajectory"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"43","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3656-4281","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Kochunov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry University of Maryland School of Medicine  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1028-6754","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fengmei","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Huilongguan Hospital Peking University Huilongguan Clinical Medical School  Beijing People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meghann C.","family":"Ryan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry University of Maryland School of Medicine  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathryn S.","family":"Hatch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry University of Maryland School of Medicine  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuping","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Huilongguan Hospital Peking University Huilongguan Clinical Medical School  Beijing People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neda","family":"Jahanshad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Imaging Genetics Center Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck School of Medicine of USC  Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul M.","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Imaging Genetics Center Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck School of Medicine of USC  Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theo G. 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