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Although some studies report accuracies \u226580%, most have investigated relatively small samples of clinically\u2010ascertained, currently symptomatic cases, and did not attempt replication in larger samples. We here first aimed to replicate previously reported classification accuracies in a small, well\u2010phenotyped community\u2010based group of current MDD cases with clinical interview\u2010based diagnoses (from STratifying Resilience and Depression Longitudinally cohort, \u2018STRADL\u2019). We performed a set of exploratory predictive classification analyses with measures related to brain morphometry and white matter integrity. We applied three classifier types\u2014SVM, penalised logistic regression or decision tree\u2014either with or without optimisation, and with or without feature selection. We then determined whether similar accuracies could be replicated in a larger independent population\u2010based sample with self\u2010reported current depression (UK Biobank cohort). Additional analyses extended to lifetime MDD diagnoses\u2014remitted MDD in STRADL, and lifetime\u2010experienced MDD in UK Biobank. The highest cross\u2010validation accuracy (75%) was achieved in the initial current MDD sample with a decision tree classifier and cortical surface area features. The most frequently selected decision tree split variables included surface areas of bilateral caudal anterior cingulate, left lingual gyrus, left superior frontal, right precentral and paracentral regions. High accuracy was not achieved in the larger samples with self\u2010reported current depression (53.73%), with remitted MDD (57.48%), or with lifetime\u2010experienced MDD (52.68\u201360.29%). Our results indicate that high predictive classification accuracies may not immediately translate to larger samples with broader criteria for depression, and may not be robust across different classification approaches.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.25095","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,19]],"date-time":"2020-06-19T14:25:08Z","timestamp":1592576708000},"page":"3922-3937","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Automated classification of depression from structural brain measures across two independent community\u2010based cohorts"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1147-7539","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleks","family":"Stolicyn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh Kennedy Tower, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Morningside Park Edinburgh UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1135-4141","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mathew A.","family":"Harris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh Kennedy Tower, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Morningside Park Edinburgh UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0538-4774","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xueyi","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh Kennedy Tower, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Morningside Park Edinburgh UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8967-683X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miruna C.","family":"Barbu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh Kennedy Tower, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Morningside Park Edinburgh UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3599-6018","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark J.","family":"Adams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh Kennedy Tower, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Morningside Park Edinburgh UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0241-7251","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emma L.","family":"Hawkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh Kennedy Tower, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Morningside Park Edinburgh UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9019-2672","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"de Nooij","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh Kennedy Tower, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Morningside Park Edinburgh UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4993-9014","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hon Wah","family":"Yeung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh Kennedy Tower, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Morningside Park Edinburgh UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4915-4847","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alison D.","family":"Murray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aberdeen Biomedical Imaging Centre University of Aberdeen Lilian Sutton Building, Foresterhill Aberdeen UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2444-5675","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen M.","family":"Lawrie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh Kennedy Tower, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Morningside Park Edinburgh UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9822-8753","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J. 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