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However, it is unclear how postnatal adverse exposures may moderate mental health and brain outcomes in children with PAE. T1\u2010weighted and diffusion magnetic resonance imaging were obtained from 66 participants aged 7\u201316\u2009years. Twenty\u2010one participants had PAE and adverse postnatal exposures (PAE+), 12 had PAE without adverse postnatal exposures (PAE\u2212), and 33 were age\u2010 and gender\u2010matched controls unexposed to either prenatal alcohol or postnatal adversity. Internalizing and externalizing mental health symptoms were assessed using the Behavioral Assessment System for Children II, Parent\u2010Rating Scale. ANCOVAs were used to compare mental health symptoms, limbic and prefrontal cortical volumes, and diffusion parameters of cortico\u2010limbic white matter tracts between groups, and to assess brain\u2010mental health relationships. Both PAE groups had worse externalizing behavior (higher scores) than controls. The PAE\u2212 group had lower fractional anisotropy (FA) in the bilateral cingulum and left uncinate fasciculus, and smaller volumes in the left anterior cingulate cortex than controls and the PAE+ group. The PAE\u2212 group also had higher mean diffusivity (MD) in the left uncinate than the PAE+ group, and smaller right anterior cingulate and superior frontal gyrus volumes than controls. These findings show different brain structure and mental health symptom profiles in children with PAE with and without postnatal adversity, highlighting the need to consider adverse postnatal exposures in individuals with PAE.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.25130","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,13]],"date-time":"2020-07-13T12:10:48Z","timestamp":1594642248000},"page":"4375-4385","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Different brain profiles in children with prenatal alcohol exposure with or without early adverse exposures"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Quinn R.","family":"Andre","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Science University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"},{"name":"Alberta Children\u2019s Hospital Research Institute  Calgary Alberta Canada"},{"name":"Hotchkiss Brain Institute  Calgary Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carly A.","family":"McMorris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alberta Children\u2019s Hospital Research Institute  Calgary Alberta Canada"},{"name":"School &amp; Applied Child Psychology University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Preeti","family":"Kar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Science University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"},{"name":"Alberta Children\u2019s Hospital Research Institute  Calgary Alberta Canada"},{"name":"Hotchkiss Brain Institute  Calgary Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chantel","family":"Ritter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alberta Children\u2019s Hospital Research Institute  Calgary Alberta Canada"},{"name":"School &amp; Applied Child Psychology University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W. 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