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Existing study has focused on the effects of menstrual cramps on brain function and structure, ignoring the psychological changes associated with menstrual pain. Here we examined whether pain empathy in PDM differs from healthy controls (HC) using task\u2010based functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Fifty\u2010seven PDM women and 53 matched HC were recruited, and data were collected at the luteal and menstruation phases, respectively. During fMRI scans, participants viewed pictures displaying exposure to painful situations and pictures without any pain cues and assessed the level of pain experienced by the person in the picture. Regarding the main effect of the pain pictures, our results showed that compared to viewing neutral pictures, viewing pain pictures caused significantly higher activation in the anterior insula (AI), anterior cingulate cortex, and the left inferior parietal lobule; and only the right AI exhibited a significant interaction effect (group \u00d7 picture). Post\u2010hoc analyses confirmed that, relative to neutral pictures, the right AI failed to be activated in PDM women viewing painsss pictures. Additionally, there was no significant interaction effect between the luteal and menstruation phases. It suggests that intermittent pain can lead to abnormal empathy in PDM women, which does not vary with the pain or pain\u2010free phase. Our study may deepen the understanding of the relationship between recurrent spontaneous pain and empathy in a clinical disorder characterized by cyclic episodes of pain.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.25226","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,8]],"date-time":"2020-10-08T18:05:58Z","timestamp":1602180358000},"page":"345-356","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Effects of repeated menstrual pain on empathic neural responses in women with primary dysmenorrhea across the menstrual cycle"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Chen","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Brain Imaging, School of Life Science and Technology Xidian University  Xi'an China"},{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Molecular &amp; Neuroimaging\uff0cMinistry of Education  Xi'an China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Brain Imaging, School of Life Science and Technology Xidian University  Xi'an China"},{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Molecular &amp; Neuroimaging\uff0cMinistry of Education  Xi'an China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wanghuan","family":"Dun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Imaging, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University  Xi'an China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tian","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Brain Imaging, School of Life Science and Technology Xidian University  Xi'an China"},{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Molecular &amp; Neuroimaging\uff0cMinistry of Education  Xi'an China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Imaging, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University  Xi'an China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ke","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Imaging, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University  Xi'an China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junya","family":"Mu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Brain Imaging, School of Life Science and Technology Xidian University  Xi'an China"},{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Molecular &amp; Neuroimaging\uff0cMinistry of Education  Xi'an China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Imaging, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University  Xi'an China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4239-1201","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jixin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Brain Imaging, School of Life Science and Technology Xidian University  Xi'an China"},{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Molecular &amp; Neuroimaging\uff0cMinistry of Education  Xi'an China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","unstructured":"Andersson J. 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