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The success of DBS procedures is directly related to the proper placement of the electrodes, which requires the ability to accurately detect and identify relevant target structures within the subcortical basal ganglia region. In particular, accurate and reliable segmentation of the globus pallidus (GP) interna is of great interest for DBS surgery for PD and dystonia. In this study, we present a deep\u2010learning based neural network, which we term GP\u2010net, for the automatic segmentation of both the external and internal segments of the globus pallidus. High resolution 7 Tesla images from 101 subjects were used in this study; GP\u2010net is trained on a cohort of 58 subjects, containing patients with movement disorders as well as healthy control subjects. GP\u2010net performs 3D inference in a patient\u2010specific manner, alleviating the need for atlas\u2010based segmentation. GP\u2010net was extensively validated, both quantitatively and qualitatively over 43 test subjects including patients with movement disorders and healthy control and is shown to consistently produce improved segmentation results compared with state\u2010of\u2010the\u2010art atlas\u2010based segmentations. We also demonstrate a postoperative lead location assessment with respect to a segmented globus pallidus obtained by GP\u2010net.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.25409","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,19]],"date-time":"2021-03-19T01:47:07Z","timestamp":1616118427000},"page":"2862-2879","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["<b>Deep\u2010learning based fully automatic segmentation of the globus pallidus interna and externa using ultra\u2010high 7 Tesla<\/b>\n                    <scp>MRI<\/scp>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"42","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0240-0852","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oren","family":"Solomon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Center for Magnetic Resonance Research University of Minnesota  Minneapolis Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tara","family":"Palnitkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Center for Magnetic Resonance Research University of Minnesota  Minneapolis Minnesota USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurology University of Minnesota  Minneapolis Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Re'mi","family":"Patriat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Center for Magnetic Resonance Research University of Minnesota  Minneapolis Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henry","family":"Braun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Center for Magnetic Resonance Research University of Minnesota  Minneapolis Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua","family":"Aman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology University of Minnesota  Minneapolis Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael C.","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology University of Minnesota  Minneapolis Minnesota USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery University of Minnesota  Minneapolis Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jerrold","family":"Vitek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology University of Minnesota  Minneapolis Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guillermo","family":"Sapiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Duke University  Durham North Carolina USA"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering Duke University  Durham North Carolina USA"},{"name":"Department of Computer Science Duke University  Durham North Carolina USA"},{"name":"Department of Mathematics Duke University  Durham North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6034-3801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noam","family":"Harel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Center for Magnetic Resonance Research University of Minnesota  Minneapolis Minnesota USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery University of Minnesota  Minneapolis Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1227\/NEU.0b013e3181f74105"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.09.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","unstructured":"Bahdanau D. 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