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In the past decades, the artificial grammar of the A\n                    <jats:sup>n<\/jats:sup>\n                    B\n                    <jats:sup>n<\/jats:sup>\n                    type in which a pair of associated elements can be nested in the other pair was considered as a desirable model to mimic human language syntax without semantic interference. However, such a grammar relies on mere associating mechanisms, thus insufficient to reflect the hierarchical nature of human syntax. Here, we test how the brain imposes syntactic hierarchies according to the category relations on linearized sequences by designing a novel artificial \u201cHierarchical syntactic structure\u2010building Grammar\u201d (HG), and compare this to the A\n                    <jats:sup>n<\/jats:sup>\n                    B\n                    <jats:sup>n<\/jats:sup>\n                    grammar as a \u201cNested associating Grammar\u201d (NG) based on multilevel associations. Thirty\u2010six healthy German native speakers were randomly assigned to one of the two grammars. Both groups performed a grammaticality judgment task on auditorily presented word sequences generated by the corresponding grammar in the scanner after a successful explicit behavioral learning session. Compared to the NG group, we found that the HG group showed a (a) significantly higher involvement of Brodmann area (BA) 44 in Broca's area and the posterior superior temporal gyrus (pSTG); and (b) qualitatively distinct connectivity between the two regions. Thus, the present study demonstrates that the build\u2010up process of syntactic hierarchies on the basis of category relations critically relies on a distinctive left\u2010hemispheric syntactic network involving BA 44 and pSTG. This indicates that our novel artificial grammar can constitute a suitable experimental tool to investigate syntax\u2010specific processes in the human brain.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.25432","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,6]],"date-time":"2021-04-06T06:45:02Z","timestamp":1617691502000},"page":"3253-3268","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Hierarchical syntactic processing is beyond mere associating: Functional magnetic resonance imaging evidence from a novel artificial grammar"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"42","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0796-3323","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luyao","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Chinese Language and Culture Beijing Normal University  Beijing"},{"name":"Department of Neuropsychology Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences  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