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Prepulse Inhibition (PPI) is the attenuation of the startle reflex (prepulse precedes pulse by 30\u2013500\u2009ms), whereas Prepulse Facilitation (PPF) is the enhancement of the startle reflex (prepulse precedes pulse by 500\u20136000\u2009ms). Here, we critically appraise human studies using functional neuroimaging to establish brain regions associated with PPI and PPF. Of 10 studies, nine studies revealed thalamic, striatal and frontal lobe activation during PPI in healthy groups, and activation deficits in the cortico\u2010striato\u2010pallido\u2010thalamic circuitry in schizophrenia (three studies) and Tourette Syndrome (two studies). One study revealed a shared network for PPI and PPF in frontal regions and cerebellum, with PPF networks recruiting superior medial gyrus and cingulate cortex. The main gaps in the literature are (i) limited PPF research and whether PPI and PPF operate on separate\/shared networks, (ii) no data on sex differences in neural underpinnings of PPI and PPF, and (iii) no data on neural underpinnings of PPI and PPF in other clinical disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.25631","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,20]],"date-time":"2021-08-20T03:42:54Z","timestamp":1629430974000},"page":"5495-5518","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Neural mapping of\n                    <scp>prepulse\u2010induced<\/scp>\n                    startle reflex modulation as indices of sensory information processing in healthy and clinical populations: A systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"42","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2064-4060","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura F.","family":"Naysmith","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience King's College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9635-5505","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Veena","family":"Kumari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience King's College London  London UK"},{"name":"Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, College of Health Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London  UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4299-1941","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steven C. 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