{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T22:08:31Z","timestamp":1790719711366,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,16]],"date-time":"2021-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631750400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["01GQ1003B"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01GQ1003B"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["402170461 \u2010 TRR 265"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["402170461 \u2010 TRR 265"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FE 1617\/2\u20101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FE 1617\/2\u20101"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFB 636\/D6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFB 636\/D6"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008661","name":"Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["WIN programme"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WIN programme"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Human Brain Mapping"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Null hypothesis significance testing is the major statistical procedure in fMRI, but provides only a rather limited picture of the effects in a data set. When sample size and power is low relying only on strict significance testing may lead to a host of false negative findings. In contrast, with very large data sets virtually every voxel might become significant. It is thus desirable to complement significance testing with procedures like inferiority and equivalence tests that allow to formally compare effect sizes within and between data sets and offer novel approaches to obtain insight into fMRI data. The major component of these tests are estimates of standardized effect sizes and their confidence intervals. Here, we show how Hedges'\n                    <jats:italic>g<\/jats:italic>\n                    , the bias corrected version of Cohen's\n                    <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and its confidence interval can be obtained from SPM\n                    <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                    maps. We then demonstrate how these values can be used to evaluate whether nonsignificant effects are really statistically smaller than significant effects to obtain \u201cregions of undecidability\u201d within a data set, and to test for the replicability and lateralization of effects. This method allows the analysis of fMRI data beyond point estimates enabling researchers to take measurement uncertainty into account when interpreting their findings.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.25664","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,16]],"date-time":"2021-09-16T10:46:20Z","timestamp":1631789180000},"page":"5803-5813","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["<scp>Brain\u2010wide<\/scp>\n                    inferiority and equivalence tests in\n                    <scp>fMRI<\/scp>\n                    group analyses: Selected applications"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"42","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3071-5296","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin Fungisai","family":"Gerchen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Psychology Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University  Mannheim Germany"},{"name":"Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Heidelberg\/Mannheim  Mannheim Germany"},{"name":"Department of Psychology Heidelberg University  Heidelberg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0817-1248","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Kirsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Psychology Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University  Mannheim Germany"},{"name":"Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Heidelberg\/Mannheim  Mannheim Germany"},{"name":"Department of Psychology Heidelberg University  Heidelberg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1238-9493","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gordon Benedikt","family":"Feld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Psychology Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University  Mannheim Germany"},{"name":"Department of Psychology Heidelberg University  Heidelberg Germany"},{"name":"Department of Addiction Behavior and Addiction Medicine Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University  Mannheim Germany"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University  Mannheim Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.12352"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/865881"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.116187"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.117477"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.3557"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.3929"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3475"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","volume-title":"Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences","author":"Cohen J.","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0184923"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0013164401614002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.23762"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3102\/10769986006002107"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","volume-title":"Statistical methods for meta\u2010analysis","author":"Hedges L. V.","year":"1985"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.12866"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2011.07902.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.294.2.218"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0020124"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e31818131e7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.10108"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2013.00863"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2515245918770963"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/psy.0000000000000148"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-185X.2007.00027.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aac4716"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jon.12265"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","volume-title":"Statistical parametric mapping: The analysis of functional brain images","author":"Penny W. 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