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However, little is known about the possibility of brain recovery after protracted heroin abstinence. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether brain recovery is possible after protracted abstinence in HUs. A total of 108 subjects with heroin addiction completed structural and functional scans, and 61 of those subjects completed 8\u2010month follow\u2010up scans. Resting\u2010state data and 3D\u2010T1 MR images were collected for all participants, first at baseline and again after 8\u00a0months. Cognitive function and craving were measured by the Trail Making Test\u2010A (TMT\u2010A) and Visual Analog Scale for Craving, respectively. The cortical thickness and resting\u2010state functional connectivity (RSFC) differences were then analyzed and compared between baseline and follow\u2010up, and correlations were obtained between neuroimaging and behavioral changes. HUs demonstrated improved cognition (shorter TMT\u2010A time) and reduced craving at the follow\u2010up (HU2) relative to baseline (HU1), and the cortical thickness in the bilateral superior frontal gyrus (SFG) was significantly greater at HU2 than at HU1. Additionally, the RSFC of the left SFG with the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), insula, and nucleus accumbens and that of the right SFG with the IFG, insula and orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) were increased at HU2. The changes in TMT\u2010A time were negatively correlated with the RSFC changes between the left SFG and the bilateral IFG, the bilateral caudate, and the right insula. The changes in craving were negatively correlated with the RSFC changes between the left OFC and the bilateral SFG. Our results demonstrated that impaired frontal\u2010limbic neurocircuitry can be partially restored, which might enable improved cognition as well as reduced craving in substance\u2010abusing individuals. We provided novel scientific evidence for the partial recovery of brain circuits implicated in cognition and craving after protracted abstinence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.25841","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,25]],"date-time":"2022-03-25T00:28:01Z","timestamp":1648168081000},"page":"3164-3175","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Recovery of superior frontal gyrus cortical thickness and resting\u2010state functional connectivity in abstinent heroin users after 8 months of follow\u2010up"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"43","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8690-6847","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenhan","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University  Changsha 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