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Although the neural signatures of deception have been widely documented, most prior studies were biased by difficulty levels. That is, deceptive behavior typically required more effort, making deception detection possibly effort detection. Furthermore, no study has examined the generalizability across instructed and spontaneous responses and across participants. To explore these issues, we used a dual\u2010task paradigm, where the difficulty level was balanced between truth\u2010telling and lying, and the instructed and spontaneous truth\u2010telling and lying were collected independently. Using Multivoxel pattern analysis, we were able to decode truth\u2010telling versus lying with a balanced difficulty level. Results showed that the angular gyrus (AG), inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), and postcentral gyrus could differentiate lying from truth\u2010telling. Critically, linear classifiers trained to distinguish instructed truthful and deceptive responses could correctly differentiate spontaneous truthful and deceptive responses in AG and IFG with above\u2010chance accuracy. In addition, with a leave\u2010one\u2010participant\u2010out analysis, multivoxel neural patterns from AG could classify if the left\u2010out participant was lying or not in a trial. These results indicate the commonality of neural responses subserved instructed and spontaneous deceptive behavior as well as the feasibility of cross\u2010participant deception validation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.25849","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,28]],"date-time":"2022-03-28T13:39:35Z","timestamp":1648474775000},"page":"3257-3269","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Detecting spontaneous deception in the brain"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"43","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7265-6709","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yen\u2010Ju","family":"Feng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology National Taiwan University  Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shao\u2010Min","family":"Hung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology and Biological Engineering California Institute of Technology  Pasadena California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Po\u2010Jang","family":"Hsieh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology National Taiwan University  Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2005.10.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2008.08.033"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhp055"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2015.09.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhn189"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10548-017-0553-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2005.08.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0022-3514.70.5.979"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/nn2045246.Multifunctional"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/11170-002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsp005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/13.8.830"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.11.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gerlach C. 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