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Previously, we reported behavioral effects of a 3\u2010day visuospatial memory training with concurrent anodal tDCS over the right temporoparietal cortex in older adults. To investigate intervention\u2010induced neural alterations we here used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) datasets available from 35 participants of this previous study, acquired before and after the intervention. To delineate changes in whole\u2010brain functional network architecture, we employed eigenvector centrality mapping. Gray matter alterations were analyzed using DTI\u2010derived mean diffusivity (MD). Network centrality in the bilateral posterior temporooccipital cortex was reduced after anodal compared to sham stimulation. This focal effect is indicative of decreased functional connectivity of the brain region underneath the anodal electrode and its left\u2010hemispheric homolog with other \u201crelevant\u201d (i.e., highly connected) brain regions, thereby providing evidence for reorganizational processes within the brain's network architecture. Examining local MD changes in these clusters, an interaction between stimulation condition and training success indicated a decrease of MD in the right (stimulated) temporooccipital cluster in individuals who showed superior behavioral training benefits. Using a data\u2010driven whole\u2010brain network approach, we provide evidence for targeted neuromodulatory effects of a combined tDCS\u2010and\u2010training intervention. We show for the first time that gray matter alterations of microstructure (assessed by DTI\u2010derived MD) may be involved in tDCS\u2010enhanced cognitive training. Increased knowledge on how combined interventions modulate neural networks in older adults, will help the development of specific therapeutic interventions against age\u2010associated cognitive decline.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.25857","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,4]],"date-time":"2022-04-04T11:44:51Z","timestamp":1649072691000},"page":"3416-3426","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Modulation of network centrality and gray matter microstructure using multi\u2010session brain stimulation and memory training"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"43","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3674-4610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Friederike","family":"Thams","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Greifswald  Greifswald 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