{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T03:58:39Z","timestamp":1784347119631,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,15]],"date-time":"2022-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649980800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000738","name":"U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["B3001\u2010C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B3001\u2010C"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000738","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Human Brain Mapping"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Veterans who deployed in support of Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF), Iraqi Freedom (OIF), and New Dawn (OND) commonly experience severe psychological trauma, often accompanied by physical brain trauma resulting in mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). Prior studies of individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have revealed alterations in brain structure, accelerated cellular aging, and impacts on cognition following exposure to severe psychological trauma and potential interactive effects of military\u2010related mTBI. To date, however, little is known how such deployment\u2010related trauma changes with time and age of injury of the affected veteran. In this study, we explored changes in cortical thickness, volume, and surface area after an average interval of approximately 2\u2009years in a cohort of 254 OEF\/OIF\/OND Veterans ranging in age from 19 to 67\u2009years. Whole\u2010brain vertex\u2010wise analyses revealed that veterans who met criteria for severe PTSD (Clinician\u2010Administered PTSD Scale \u226560) at baseline showed greater negative longitudinal changes in cortical thickness, volume, and area over time. Analyses also revealed a significant severe\u2010PTSD by age interaction on cortical measures with severe\u2010PTSD individuals exhibiting accelerated cortical degeneration with increasing age. Interaction effects of comorbid military\u2010related mTBI within the severe\u2010PTSD group were also observed in several cortical regions. These results suggest that those exhibiting severe PTSD symptomatology have accelerated atrophy that is exacerbated with increasing age and history of mTBI.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.25877","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,15]],"date-time":"2022-04-15T14:29:25Z","timestamp":1650032965000},"page":"3694-3705","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Accelerated longitudinal cortical atrophy in <scp>OEF<\/scp>\/<scp>OIF<\/scp>\/<scp>OND<\/scp> veterans with severe <scp>PTSD<\/scp> and the impact of comorbid <scp>TBI<\/scp>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"43","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6066-5886","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emma M.","family":"Brown","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroimaging Research for Veterans (NeRVe) Center VA Boston Healthcare System  Boston Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Translational Research Center for TBI and Stress Disorders (TRACTS) VA Boston Healthcare System  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David H.","family":"Salat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroimaging Research for Veterans (NeRVe) Center VA Boston Healthcare System  Boston Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Translational Research Center for TBI and Stress Disorders (TRACTS) VA Boston Healthcare System  Boston Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Brain Aging and Dementia (BAnD) Laboratory, A. 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