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Recent theoretical and empirical work has delineated dimensions of trauma (i.e., threat and deprivation) as having distinct neural and behavioral effects, although there are few longitudinal examinations. A sample of 243 children and adolescents were followed for three time points, with each assessment approximately 1\u00a0year apart (ages 9\u201315\u2009years at Time 1; 120 males). Participants or their caregiver reported on youths' threat exposure, perceived stress (Time 1), underwent a T1\u2010weighted structural high\u2010resolution MRI scan (Time 2), and documented their subsequent psychiatric symptoms later in development (Time 3). The primary findings indicate that left amygdala volume, in particular, mediated the longitudinal association between threat exposure and subsequent internalizing and externalizing symptomatology. Greater threat exposure related to reduced left amygdala volume, which in turn differentially predicted internalizing and externalizing symptoms. Decreased bilateral hippocampal volume was related to subsequently elevated internalizing symptoms. These findings suggest that the left amygdala is highly threat\u2010sensitive and that stress\u2010related alterations may partially explain elevated psychopathology in stress\u2010exposed adolescents. Uncovering potential subclinical and\/or preclinical predictive biomarkers is essential to understanding the emergence, progression, and eventual targeted treatment of psychopathology following trauma exposure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.25904","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,18]],"date-time":"2022-05-18T12:44:06Z","timestamp":1652877846000},"page":"4091-4102","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Left amygdala structure mediates longitudinal associations between exposure to threat and long\u2010term psychiatric symptomatology in youth"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"43","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0700-4739","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giorgia","family":"Picci","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Human Neuroscience Boys Town National Research Hospital  Boys Town Nebraska USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brittany K.","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Human Neuroscience Boys Town National Research Hospital  Boys Town Nebraska USA"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology &amp; Neuroscience Creighton University  Omaha Nebraska USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abraham D.","family":"Killanin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Human Neuroscience Boys Town National Research Hospital  Boys Town Nebraska USA"},{"name":"College of Medicine University of Nebraska Medical Center  Omaha Nebraska USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacob A.","family":"Eastman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Human Neuroscience Boys Town National Research Hospital  Boys Town Nebraska USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michaela R.","family":"Frenzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Human Neuroscience Boys Town National Research Hospital  Boys Town Nebraska USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu\u2010Ping","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering Tulane University  New Orleans Louisiana USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2486-747X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia M.","family":"Stephen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mind Research Network  Albuquerque New Mexico USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vince D.","family":"Calhoun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mind Research Network  Albuquerque New Mexico USA"},{"name":"Tri\u2010Institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS), Georgia State University, Georgia Institute of Technology Emory University  Atlanta Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5053-8306","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tony W.","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Human Neuroscience Boys Town National Research Hospital  Boys Town Nebraska USA"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology &amp; Neuroscience Creighton University  Omaha Nebraska USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","volume-title":"Ratings of relations between DSM\u2010IV diagnostic categories and items of the CBCL\/6\u201018, TRF, and YSR","author":"Achenbach T. 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