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However, brain\u2010functional mechanisms underlying such cognitive enhancing effects of stimulants are still poorly characterized. Here, we utilized behavioral and resting\u2010state fMRI data from a double\u2010blind randomized placebocontrolled study of methylphenidate, modafinil, and caffeine in 48 healthy male adults. The results show that performance in different memory tasks is enhanced, and functional connectivity (FC) specifically between the frontoparietal network (FPN) and default mode network (DMN) is modulated by the stimulants in comparison to placebo. Decreased negative connectivity between right prefrontal and medial parietal but also between medial temporal lobe and visual brain regions predicted stimulant\u2010induced latent memory enhancement. We discuss dopamine's role in attention and memory as well as its ability to modulate FC between large\u2010scale neural networks (e.g., FPN and DMN) as a potential cognitive enhancement mechanism.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.25949","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,7]],"date-time":"2022-06-07T06:45:57Z","timestamp":1654584357000},"page":"4225-4238","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Cognitive enhancement: Effects of methylphenidate, modafinil, and caffeine on latent memory and resting state functional connectivity in healthy adults"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"43","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9430-4077","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maxi","family":"Becker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Humboldt\u2010University Berlin Berlin Germany"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy University Medical Center Hamburg\u2010Eppendorf Hamburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dimitris","family":"Repantis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Charit\u00e9 \u2013 Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Humboldt\u2010Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7441-3818","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Dresler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen Nijmegen The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6823-7969","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simone","family":"K\u00fchn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy University Medical Center Hamburg\u2010Eppendorf Hamburg Germany"},{"name":"Lise Meitner Group for Environmental Neuroscience Max Planck Institute for Human Development Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2001.0746"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1301164"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jml.2007.12.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2007.19.12.2082"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jml.2012.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0278-5846(88)90014-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2015.07.028"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x","article-title":"Controlling the false discovery rate: A practical and powerful approach to multiple testing","volume":"57","author":"Benjamini Y.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Statistical Methodological)"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-8196(05)80005-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.04.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2010.164"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2513-18.2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.07.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002826-199302000-00005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3623"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.32614\/RJ-2017-066"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1440.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06717.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(89)90047-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2459"},{"issue":"23","key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","first-page":"435","article-title":"Pills or push\u2010ups? 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