{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T15:52:37Z","timestamp":1790783557754,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,13]],"date-time":"2023-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673568000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005032","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Bial","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["A\u201029315"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A\u201029315"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005032","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005032","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Bial","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["203\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["203\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005032","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005032","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Bial","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["G\u201015516"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G\u201015516"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005032","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01MH111417"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01MH111417"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003246","name":"Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["452.17.012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["452.17.012"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003246","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Human Brain Mapping"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Perception of dynamic scenes in our environment results from the evaluation of visual features such as the fundamental spatial and temporal frequency components of a moving object. The ratio between these two components represents the object's speed of motion. The human middle temporal cortex hMT+ has a crucial biological role in the direct encoding of object speed. However, the link between hMT+ speed encoding and the spatiotemporal frequency components of a moving object is still under explored. Here, we recorded high resolution 7T blood oxygen level\u2010dependent BOLD responses to different visual motion stimuli as a function of their fundamental spatial and temporal frequency components. We fitted each hMT+ BOLD response with a 2D Gaussian model allowing for two different speed encoding mechanisms: (1) distinct and independent selectivity for the spatial and temporal frequencies of the visual motion stimuli; (2) pure tuning for the speed of motion. We show that both mechanisms occur but in different neuronal groups within hMT+, with the largest subregion of the complex showing separable tuning for the spatial and temporal frequency of the visual stimuli. Both mechanisms were highly reproducible within participants, reconciling single cell recordings from MT in animals that have showed both encoding mechanisms. Our findings confirm that a more complex process is involved in the perception of speed than initially thought and suggest that hMT+ plays a primary role in the evaluation of the spatial features of the moving visual input.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.26193","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,13]],"date-time":"2023-01-13T13:20:46Z","timestamp":1673616046000},"page":"2050-2061","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Mechanisms of speed encoding in the human middle temporal cortex measured by\n                    <scp>7T fMRI<\/scp>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"44","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3660-8654","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Gaglianese","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Laboratory for Investigative Neurophysiology (The LINE), Department of Radiology University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne  Lausanne Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery and Neurology, UMC Utrecht Brain Center University Medical Center  Utrecht Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Radiology, Center for Image Sciences University Medical Center  Utrecht Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessio","family":"Fracasso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Center for Image Sciences University Medical Center  Utrecht Netherlands"},{"name":"University of Glasgow School of Psychology and Neuroscience  Glasgow UK"},{"name":"Spinoza Center for Neuroimaging  Amsterdam Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco G.","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery and Neurology, UMC Utrecht Brain Center University Medical Center  Utrecht Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2694-618X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ben","family":"Harvey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Psychology, Helmholtz Institute Utrecht University  Utrecht Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Serge O.","family":"Dumoulin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Psychology, Helmholtz Institute Utrecht University  Utrecht Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"Petridou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Center for Image Sciences University Medical Center  Utrecht Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00291.2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00102.2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2017.03.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1601889113"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/met0000337"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2015.07.029"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhs294"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1824"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0193(1999)8:2\/3<109::AID-HBM7>3.0.CO;2-W"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2013.00022"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2007.09.034"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/10.5.454"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.01.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-00634-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.10.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/118.6.1375"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2021.102034"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.02.038"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10548-020-00783-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.01.093"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2014.10.042"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","unstructured":"Gaglianese A. Fernandes G. F. Fracasso A. &Petridou N.Spatial and temporal frequency selectivity in the human Middle Temporal cortex measured by 7T fMRI. inInternational conference for cognitive neuroscience(2017)."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.23361"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2005.07.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2017.07.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.11.070"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-016-0036"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2020.01.090"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1239052"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","first-page":"477","article-title":"Temporal\u2010frequency selectivity in monkey visual cortex","volume":"13","author":"Hawken M. J.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Vision Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/8.10.5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.09.049"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1981.46.6.1244"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.116463"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.22-16-07195.2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.20-22-08504.2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00553.2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2014.08.047"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2069-10.2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00097.2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4034-04.2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2007.05453.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1556"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-26507-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3797-13.2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1975.sp011025"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","volume-title":"The neural bases of multisensory processes","author":"Murray M. M.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781439812174"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perrone J. A. &Krauzlis R. J.(2008).Spatial integration by MT pattern neurons: A closer look at pattern\u2010to\u2010component effects and the role of speed tuning 8 1\u201314.","DOI":"10.1167\/8.9.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/87480"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petridou N. Italiaander M. van deBank B. L. &Siero J. C. W.(2013).Pushing the limits of high\u2010resolution functional MRI using a simple high\u2010density multi\u2010element coil design 26 65\u201373.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/nbm.2820","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.2820"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogbrainres.2005.08.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3936-05.2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-13-05650.2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3936-05.2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2020.04.039"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1814504116"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(97)00183-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1318"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2000.0642"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/257674a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0690-17.2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.15-04-03215.1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.09.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.07.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2010.07118.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118867"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0028716"}],"container-title":["Human Brain Mapping"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/hbm.26193","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/hbm.26193","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/hbm.26193","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,18]],"date-time":"2023-08-18T23:15:02Z","timestamp":1692400502000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/hbm.26193"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,13]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/hbm.26193"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hbm.26193","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2021.02.01.429141","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1065-9471","1097-0193"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1065-9471","type":"print"},{"value":"1097-0193","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-03-24","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-12-11","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-01-13","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}