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However, their unique or shared brain targets remain unknown. Furthermore, both CM and FH demonstrate sex\u2010dependent effects on brain and behavior. We hypothesized that CM and FH interact in brain regions involved in impulsivity with sex\u2010dependent effects. 144 first\u2010year college students (18\u201319\u2009years old) with varying experiences of CM and\/or FH but without current AUD performed an fMRI stop\u2010signal task. We tested interactions between FH, CM, and sex on task performance and blood oxygen level\u2010dependent (BOLD) signal during successful inhibitions. We examined correlations between BOLD response and psychiatric symptoms. Significant three\u2010way interactions of FH, CM, and sex were detected for brain and behavioral data, largely driven by male subjects. In males, CM was associated with poorer response inhibition but only for those with less FH; males with higher levels of both CM and FH demonstrated better response inhibition. Three\u2010way interaction effects on voxel\u2010wise BOLD response during response inhibition were found in bilateral middle frontal gyrus, left inferior frontal gyrus, dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, and posterior cingulate cortex. Network\u2010level analyses implicated the left frontoparietal network, executive control network, and default\u2010mode network. Greater BOLD response in these networks correlated with lower depressive, impulsive, and attentional symptoms, reduced alcohol misuse, greater resilience scores, and heightened trait anxiety. The results highlight sex\u2010divergent effects of heritable and environmental risk factors that may account for sex\u2010dependent expression of psychopathology in response to risk factors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.26221","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]],"date-time":"2023-02-01T07:54:36Z","timestamp":1675238076000},"page":"2436-2450","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Sex moderates family history of alcohol use disorder and childhood maltreatment effects on an fMRI stop\u2010signal task"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"44","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9027-1442","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amanda","family":"Elton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology and Neuroscience University of North Carolina  Chapel Hill North Carolina USA"},{"name":"Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies University of North Carolina  Chapel Hill North Carolina USA"},{"name":"Biomedical Research Imaging Center University of North Carolina  Chapel Hill North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John Hunter","family":"Allen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology and Neuroscience University of North Carolina  Chapel Hill North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mya","family":"Yorke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology and Neuroscience University of North Carolina  Chapel Hill North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farhan","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology and Neuroscience University of North Carolina  Chapel Hill North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology and Neuroscience University of North Carolina  Chapel Hill North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1853-1574","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charlotte A.","family":"Boettiger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology and Neuroscience University of North Carolina  Chapel Hill North Carolina USA"},{"name":"Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies University of North Carolina  Chapel Hill North Carolina USA"},{"name":"Biomedical Research Imaging Center University of North Carolina  Chapel Hill North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.02.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2008.02213.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.53.8.1001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.09.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4112"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1961.01710120031004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1214\/aos\/1013699998"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0145-2134(02)00541-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2007.04.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.1998.59.427"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2017.04.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1909"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2007.03.063"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2012.00037"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.06.062"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","volume-title":"CAARS\u2010self\u2010report: Long version (CAARS\u2010S:L)","author":"Conners C. 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