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Such hierarchical categorization is easy when it can be performed according to learned rules (e.g., \u201cif car, then automatic or stick shift\u201d or \u201cif boat, then motor or sail\u201d). Here, we present results showing that human participants acquire categorization rules for new visual hierarchies rapidly, and that, as they do, corresponding hierarchical representations of the categorized stimuli emerge in patterns of neural activation in the dorsal striatum and in posterior frontal and parietal cortex. Participants learned to categorize novel visual objects into a hierarchy with superordinate and subordinate levels based on the objects' shape features, without having been told the categorization rules for doing so. On each trial, participants were asked to report the category and subcategory of the object, after which they received feedback about the correctness of their categorization responses. Participants trained over the course of a one\u2010hour\u2010long session while their brain activation was measured using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Over the course of training, significant hierarchy learning took place as participants discovered the nested categorization rules, as evidenced by the occurrence of a learning trial, after which performance suddenly increased. This learning was associated with increased representational strength of the newly acquired hierarchical rules in a corticostriatal network including the posterior frontal and parietal cortex and the dorsal striatum. We also found evidence suggesting that reinforcement learning in the dorsal striatum contributed to hierarchical rule learning.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.26323","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,1]],"date-time":"2023-05-01T18:27:05Z","timestamp":1682965625000},"page":"3897-3912","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Hierarchical categorization learning is associated with representational changes in the dorsal striatum and posterior frontal and parietal cortex"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"44","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7028-8754","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastian M.","family":"Frank","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Experimental Psychology University of Regensburg  Regensburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2847-3083","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marvin R.","family":"Maechler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences Dartmouth College  Hanover New Hampshire USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergey V.","family":"Fogelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences Dartmouth College  Hanover New Hampshire USA"},{"name":"Katz School of Science and Health Yeshiva University  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter U.","family":"Tse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences Dartmouth College  Hanover New Hampshire 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