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We used support vector machine models\u2014a subtype of supervised machine learning\u2014to investigate distributed patterns of structural differences between early\u2010trained (ET) and late\u2010trained (LT) musicians and to better understand the age boundaries of the sensitive period for early musicianship. After selecting regions of interest from the cerebellum and cortical sensorimotor regions, we applied recursive feature elimination with cross\u2010validation to produce a model which optimally and accurately classified ET and LT musicians. This model identified a combination of 17 regions, including 9 cerebellar and 8 sensorimotor regions, and maintained a high accuracy and sensitivity (true positives, i.e., ET musicians) without sacrificing specificity (true negatives, i.e., LT musicians). Critically, this model\u2014which defined ET musicians as those who began their training before the age of 7\u2014outperformed all other models in which age of start was earlier or later (between ages 5\u201310). Our model's ability to accurately classify ET and LT musicians provides additional evidence that musical training before age 7 affects cortico\u2010cerebellar structure in adulthood, and is consistent with the hypothesis that connected brain regions interact during development to reciprocally influence brain and behavioral maturation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.26395","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,16]],"date-time":"2023-06-16T10:41:07Z","timestamp":1686912067000},"page":"4512-4522","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Using cortico\u2010cerebellar structural patterns to classify early\u2010 and late\u2010trained musicians"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"44","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7874-5040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph J.","family":"Shenker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Concordia University  Montreal Quebec Canada"},{"name":"BRAMS: International Laboratory for Brain, Music, and Sound Research  Montreal Quebec Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1656-7928","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher J.","family":"Steele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Concordia University  Montreal Quebec Canada"},{"name":"Department of Neurology Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences  Leipzig Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1730-7423","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert J.","family":"Zatorre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BRAMS: International Laboratory for Brain, Music, and Sound Research  Montreal Quebec Canada"},{"name":"Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute McGill University  Montreal Quebec Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9475-5724","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Virginia B.","family":"Penhune","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Concordia University  Montreal Quebec Canada"},{"name":"BRAMS: International Laboratory for Brain, Music, and Sound Research  Montreal Quebec Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","volume-title":"Paper presented at the 12th annual meeting of the Organization for Human Brain Mapping","author":"Ad\u2010Dab'bagh 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