{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T12:34:04Z","timestamp":1790685244959,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,30]],"date-time":"2023-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693353600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,30]],"date-time":"2023-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693353600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Human Brain Mapping"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and diffusion kurtosis imaging (DKI) have been previously used to explore white matter related to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. While DTI and DKI suffer from low specificity, the Combined Hindered and Restricted Model of Diffusion (CHARMED) provides additional microstructural specificity. We used these three models to evaluate microstructural differences between 35 HIV\u2010positive patients without neurological impairment and 20 healthy controls who underwent diffusion\u2010weighted imaging using three\n                    <jats:italic>b<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010values. While significant group effects were found in all diffusion metrics, CHARMED and DKI analyses uncovered wider involvement (80% vs. 20%) of all white matter tracts in HIV infection compared with DTI. In restricted fraction (FR) analysis, we found significant differences in the left corticospinal tract, middle cerebellar peduncle, right inferior cerebellar peduncle, right corticospinal tract, splenium of the corpus callosum, left superior cerebellar peduncle, left superior cerebellar peduncle, pontine crossing tract, left posterior limb of the internal capsule, and left\/right medial lemniscus. These are involved in language, motor, equilibrium, behavior, and proprioception, supporting the functional integration that is frequently impaired in HIV\u2010positivity. Additionally, we employed a machine learning algorithm (XGBoost) to discriminate HIV\u2010positive patients from healthy controls using DTI and CHARMED metrics on an ROIwise basis, and unique contributions to this discrimination were examined using Shapley Explanation values. The CHARMED and DKI estimates produced the best performance. Our results suggest that biophysical multishell imaging, combining additional sensitivity and built\u2010in specificity, provides further information about the brain microstructural changes in multimodal areas involved in attentive, emotional and memory networks often impaired in HIV patients.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.26448","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,30]],"date-time":"2023-08-30T12:45:31Z","timestamp":1693399531000},"page":"5113-5124","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Multishell diffusion MRI reveals whole\u2010brain white matter changes in HIV"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Silvia","family":"Minosse","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnostic Imaging Unit University Hospital Rome Tor Vergata  Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eliseo","family":"Picchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnostic Imaging Unit University Hospital Rome Tor Vergata  Rome Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biomedicine and Prevention University of Rome Tor Vergata  Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allegra","family":"Conti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine and Prevention University of Rome Tor Vergata  Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"di Giuliano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine and Prevention University of Rome Tor Vergata  Rome Italy"},{"name":"Neuroradiology Unit University Hospital of Rome Tor Vergata  Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"di Ci\u00f2","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine and Prevention University of Rome Tor Vergata  Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Loredana","family":"Sarmati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Infectious Diseases Unit University Hospital of Rome Tor Vergata  Rome Italy"},{"name":"Department of Systems Medicine University of Rome Tor Vergata  Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabetta","family":"Teti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Infectious Diseases Unit University Hospital of Rome Tor Vergata  Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"de Santis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Neurociencias Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas and Universidad Miguel Hern\u00e1ndez  Sant Joan d'Alacant Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Massimo","family":"Andreoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Infectious Diseases Unit University Hospital of Rome Tor Vergata  Rome Italy"},{"name":"Department of Systems Medicine University of Rome Tor Vergata  Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Floris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnostic Imaging Unit University Hospital Rome Tor Vergata  Rome Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biomedicine and Prevention University of Rome Tor Vergata  Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Guerrisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine and Prevention University of Rome Tor Vergata  Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Garaci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine and Prevention University of Rome Tor Vergata  Rome Italy"},{"name":"Neuroradiology Unit University Hospital of Rome Tor Vergata  Rome Italy"},{"name":"IRCSS San Raffaele Cassino  Frosinone Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1929-5833","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicola","family":"Toschi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroradiology Unit University Hospital of Rome Tor Vergata  Rome Italy"},{"name":"Athinoula A. 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