{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T22:29:28Z","timestamp":1792708168667,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,6]],"date-time":"2023-09-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693958400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004418","name":"Vrije Universiteit Brussel","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004418","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004744","name":"Innoviris","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004744","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003130","name":"Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003130","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Human Brain Mapping"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by neuronal and synaptic loss, resulting in an imbalance of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmission and potentially cognitive impairment. Current methods for measuring the excitation\/inhibition (E\/I) ratio are mostly invasive, but recent research combining neurocomputational modeling with measurements of local field potentials has indicated that the slope with which the power spectrum of neuronal activity captured by electro\u2010 and\/or magnetoencephalography rolls off, is a non\u2010invasive biomarker of the E\/I ratio. A steeper roll\u2010off is associated with a stronger inhibition. This novel method can be applied to assess the E\/I ratio in people with multiple sclerosis (pwMS), detect the effect of medication such as benzodiazepines, and explore its utility as a biomarker for cognition. We recruited 44 healthy control subjects and 95 pwMS who underwent resting\u2010state magnetoencephalographic recordings. The 1\/f spectral slope of the neural power spectra was calculated for each subject and for each brain region. As expected, the spectral slope was significantly steeper in pwMS treated with benzodiazepines (BZDs) compared to pwMS not receiving BZDs (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009.01). In the sub\u2010cohort of pwMS not treated with BZDs, we observed a steeper slope in cognitively impaired pwMS compared to cognitively preserved pwMS (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009.01) and healthy subjects (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009.02). Furthermore, we observed a significant correlation between 1\/f spectral slope and verbal and spatial working memory functioning in the brain regions located in the prefrontal and parietal cortex. In this study, we highlighted the value of the spectral slope in MS by quantifying the effect of benzodiazepines and by putting it forward as a potential biomarker of cognitive deficits in pwMS.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.26476","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,6]],"date-time":"2023-09-06T13:55:01Z","timestamp":1694008501000},"page":"5784-5794","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["The spectral slope as a marker of excitation\/inhibition ratio and cognitive functioning in multiple sclerosis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"44","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1623-6005","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fahimeh","family":"Akbarian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Informatics (ETRO) Vrije Universiteit Brussel Brussels Belgium"},{"name":"AIMS Lab Center for Neurosciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel Brussels Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Rossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Informatics (ETRO) Vrije Universiteit Brussel Brussels Belgium"},{"name":"AIMS Lab Center for Neurosciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel Brussels Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lars","family":"Costers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AIMS Lab Center for Neurosciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel Brussels Belgium"},{"name":"icometrix Leuven Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie B.","family":"D'hooghe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National MS Center Melsbroek Melsbroek Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miguel","family":"D'haeseleer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National MS Center Melsbroek Melsbroek Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Neurology UZ Brussel Brussels Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guy","family":"Nagels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AIMS Lab Center for Neurosciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel Brussels Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Neurology UZ Brussel Brussels Belgium"},{"name":"St Edmund Hall University of Oxford Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeroen","family":"Van Schependom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Informatics (ETRO) Vrije Universiteit Brussel Brussels Belgium"},{"name":"AIMS Lab Center for Neurosciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel Brussels Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAC.1974.1100705"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00295.2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00470.2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1961.01710120031004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2377-12-55"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1191\/1352458504ms1098oa"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.8.2.145"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x","article-title":"Controlling the false discovery rate: A practical and powerful approach to multiple testing","volume":"57","author":"Benjamini Y.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B: Methodological"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.43415"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","volume-title":"R package sm: Nonparametric smoothing methods (version 2.2\u20105.4)","author":"Bowman A. 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