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We recently demonstrated that individuals with congenital anosmia (CA, complete olfactory deprivation since birth) have seemingly normal morphology in piriform (olfactory) cortex despite profound morphological deviations in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), a finding contradictory to both the known effects of blindness on visual cortex and to the sparse literature on brain morphology in anosmia. To establish whether these unexpected findings reflect the true brain morphology in CA, we first performed a direct replication of our previous study to determine if lack of results was due to a deviant control group, a confound in cross sectional studies. Individuals with CA (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200930) were compared to age and sex matched controls (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200930) using voxel\u2010 and surface\u2010based morphometry. The replication results were near identical to the original study: bilateral clusters of group differences in the OFC, including CA atrophy around the olfactory sulci and volume increases in the medial orbital gyri. Importantly, no group differences in piriform cortex were detected. Subsequently, to assess any subtle patterns of group differences not detectable by our mass\u2010univariate analysis, we explored the data from a multivariate perspective. Combining the newly collected data with data from the replicated study (CA\u2009=\u200949, control\u2009=\u200949), we performed support vector machine classification based on gray matter volume. In line with the mass\u2010univariate analyses, the multivariate analysis could accurately differentiate between the groups in bilateral OFC, whereas the classification accuracy in piriform cortex was at chance level. Our results suggest that despite lifelong olfactory deprivation, piriform (olfactory) cortex is morphologically unaltered and the morphological deviations in CA are confined to the OFC.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.26522","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,2]],"date-time":"2023-11-02T03:12:28Z","timestamp":1698894748000},"page":"6459-6470","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Lifelong olfactory deprivation\u2010dependent cortical reorganization restricted to orbitofrontal cortex"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Moa G.","family":"Peter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet  Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fahimeh","family":"Darki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet  Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Evelina","family":"Thunell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet  Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gustav","family":"M\u00e5rtensson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society Karolinska Institutet  Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elbrich M.","family":"Postma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Smell and Taste Centre, Hospital Gelderse Vallei  Ede the Netherlands"},{"name":"Division of Human Nutrition and Health Wageningen University  Wageningen the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9560-6093","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sanne","family":"Boesveldt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Human Nutrition and Health Wageningen University  Wageningen the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Westman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society Karolinska Institutet  Stockholm Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Neuroimaging, Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Johan N.","family":"Lundstr\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet  Stockholm Sweden"},{"name":"Monell Chemical Senses Center  Philadelphia 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