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Due to methodological limitations of the diffusion tensor model, it is not clear whether alterations in myelination or variation in fibre orientation are driving these differences. Novel models applied to multi\u2010shell diffusion imaging have been used to disentangle these effects, but to date this has not been used to study the preterm brain in adulthood. This study investigated whether novel advanced diffusion MRI metrics such as microscopic anisotropy and orientation dispersion are altered in adults born preterm, and whether this was associated with cognitive performance. Seventy\u2010two preterm born participants (&lt;37\u2009weeks gestational age) were recruited from a 1982\u20131984 cohort (33 males, mean age 33.5\u2009\u00b1\u20091.0\u2009years). Seventy\u2010two term born (&gt;37\u2009weeks gestational age) controls (34 males, mean age 30.9\u2009\u00b1\u20094.0\u2009years) were recruited from the general population. Tensor FA was calculated with FSL, while microscopic FA and orientation dispersion entropy (ODE) were estimated using the Spherical Mean Technique (SMT). Estimated Full Scale IQ (FSIQ), Verbal Comprehension Index (VCI) and Perceptual Reasoning Index (PRI) were obtained from the WASI\u2010II (abbreviated) IQ test. Voxel\u2010wise comparisons using FSL's tract\u2010based spatial statistics were performed to test between\u2010group differences in diffusion MRI metrics as well as within\u2010group associations of diffusion MRI metrics and IQ outcomes. The preterm group had significantly lower FSIQ, VCI and PRI scores. Preterm subjects demonstrated widespread decreases in ODE reflecting increased fibre dispersion, but no differences in microscopic FA. Tensor FA was increased in a small area in the anterior corona radiata. Lower FA values in the preterm population were associated with lower FSIQ and PRI scores. An increase in fibre dispersion in white matter and lower IQ scores after preterm birth exist in adulthood. Advanced diffusion MRI metrics such as the orientation dispersion entropy can be used to monitor white matter alterations across the lifespan in preterm born individuals. Although not significantly different between preterm and term groups, tensor FA values in the preterm group were associated with cognitive outcome.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.26545","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,9]],"date-time":"2023-12-09T20:59:41Z","timestamp":1702155581000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Increased white matter fibre dispersion and lower <scp>IQ<\/scp> scores in adults born preterm"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3703-0735","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Winok","family":"Lapidaire","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health University College London  London UK"},{"name":"Oxford Cardiovascular Clinical Research Facility, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital  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