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While reading and repetition can be accomplished by following a direct or an indirect route, pictures can be named only by means of semantic mediation. By means of fMRI multivariate pattern analysis, we evaluated whether this well\u2010established fundamental difference at the cognitive level is associated at the brain level with a difference in the degree to which semantic representations are activated during these tasks. Semantic similarity between words was estimated based on a word association model. Twenty subjects participated in an event\u2010related fMRI study where the three tasks were presented in pseudo\u2010random order. Linear discriminant analysis of fMRI patterns identified a set of regions that allow to discriminate between words at a high level of word\u2010specificity across tasks. Representational similarity analysis was used to determine whether semantic similarity was represented in these regions and whether this depended on the task performed. The similarity between neural patterns of the left Brodmann area 45 (BA45) and of the superior portion of the left supramarginal gyrus correlated with the similarity in meaning between entities during picture naming. In both regions, no significant effects were seen for repetition or reading. The semantic similarity effect during picture naming was significantly larger than the similarity effect during the two other tasks. In contrast, several regions including left anterior superior temporal gyrus and left ventral BA44\/frontal operculum, among others, coded for semantic similarity in a task\u2010independent manner. These findings provide new evidence for the dynamic, task\u2010dependent nature of semantic representations in the left BA45 and a more task\u2010independent nature of the representational activation in the lateral temporal cortex and ventral BA44\/frontal operculum.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.26603","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,2]],"date-time":"2024-02-02T13:29:08Z","timestamp":1706880548000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Semantic representations in inferior frontal and lateral temporal cortex during picture naming, reading, and repetition"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8960-5601","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonietta Gabriella","family":"Liuzzi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurosciences Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven  Leuven 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