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It decreases during the encoding and recall phases but increases during the maintenance phase. This study tested whether online rTMS delivered to the parietal cortex during the maintenance phase of a working memory task would increase alpha activity and hence improve working memory. Then, 46 healthy volunteers were randomly assigned to two groups to receive 3\u2010day parietal 10\u2009Hz online rTMS (either real or sham, 3600 pulses in total) that were time\u2010locked to the maintenance phase of a spatial span task (180 trials in total). Behavioral performance on another spatial span task and EEG signals during a change detection task were recorded on the day before the first rTMS (pretest) and the day after the last rTMS (posttest). We found that rTMS improved performance on both online and offline spatial span tasks. For the offline change detection task, rTMS enhanced alpha activity within the maintenance phase and improved interference control of working memory at both behavioral (K score) and neural (contralateral delay activity) levels. These results suggested that rTMS with alpha frequency time\u2010locked to the maintenance phase is a promising way to boost working memory.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.26636","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,16]],"date-time":"2024-03-16T06:47:03Z","timestamp":1710571623000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Online and offline effects of parietal 10\u2009Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on working memory in healthy controls"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8084-7476","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinping","family":"Deng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning &amp; IDG\/McGovern Institute for Brain Research Beijing Normal University  Beijing P.R. 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