{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T18:24:12Z","timestamp":1791915852314,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,15]],"date-time":"2024-03-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710460800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":14,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021CX11011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021CX11011"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61727807"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61727807"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82202291"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82202291"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["12104049"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12104049"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82071912"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82071912"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U20A20191"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U20A20191"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62373056"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62373056"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Human Brain Mapping"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Parkinson's disease (PD) patients exhibit deficits in primary sensorimotor and higher\u2010order executive functions. The gradient reflects the functional spectrum in sensorimotor\u2010associated areas of the brain. We aimed to determine whether the gradient is disrupted in PD patients and how this disruption is associated with treatment outcome. Seventy\u2010six patients (mean age, 59.2\u2009\u00b1\u200912.4\u2009years [standard deviation], 44 women) and 34 controls participants (mean age, 58.1\u2009\u00b1\u200910.0\u2009years [standard deviation], 19 women) were evaluated. We explored functional and structural gradients in PD patients and control participants. Patients were followed during 2\u2009weeks of multidisciplinary intensive rehabilitation therapy (MIRT). The Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale Part III (UPDRS\u2010III) was administered to patients before and after treatment. We investigated PD\u2010related alterations in the principal functional and structural gradients. We further used a support vector machine (SVM) and correlation analysis to assess the classification ability and treatment outcomes related to PD gradient alterations, respectively. The gradients showed significant differences between patients and control participants, mainly in somatosensory and visual networks involved in primary function, and higher\u2010level association networks (dorsal attentional network (DAN) and default mode network (DMN)) related to motor control and execution. On the basis of the combined functional and structural gradient features of these networks, the SVM achieved an accuracy of 91.2% in discriminating patients from control participants. Treatment reduced the gradient difference. The altered gradient exhibited a significant correlation with motor improvement and was mainly distributed across the visual network, DAN and DMN. This study revealed damage to gradients in the brain characterized by sensorimotor and executive control deficits in PD patients. The application of gradient features to neurological disorders could lead to the development of potential diagnostic and treatment markers for PD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.26647","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,16]],"date-time":"2024-03-16T02:46:19Z","timestamp":1710557179000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Functional and structural gradients reveal atypical hierarchical organization of Parkinson's disease"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Jinglong","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lihua","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Di","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhaohui","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parkinson Medical Center, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9819-9051","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Li","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luyao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science, Shanghai University  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ting","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiantian","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diyang","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parkinson Medical Center, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2674-4134","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tianyi","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boyan","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parkinson Medical Center, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.22360"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2017161732"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23919"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2005.04.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.28461"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.301029"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.94.15_supplement.4024"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-020-0794-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1090349"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2021.10.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awz192"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaa407"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.02.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.14716"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2018.00331"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2018.05.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-08944-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2019.05.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2017.11.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1204-22.2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.02.036"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1608282113"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/121.6.1013"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.10473"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22822"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/brln.1996.0004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","first-page":"87","article-title":"Abnormal synchrony of resting state networks in premanifest and symptomatic Huntington disease: The IMAGE\u2010HD study","volume":"39","author":"Poudel G. R.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-neuro-071013-014030"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","first-page":"72","article-title":"Default mode network connectivity in Parkinson's disease dementia","volume":"19","author":"Rektorova I.","year":"2012","journal-title":"European Journal of Neurology"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26277"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(09)70293-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000436943.62904.09"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhx179"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","first-page":"S375","article-title":"Cognition\u2010related functional topographies in Parkinson's disease: Localized loss of the ventral default mode network","volume":"36","author":"Schindlbeck K.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Movement Disorders"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23896"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-021-00474-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-020-02200-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-140498"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-019-0177-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","first-page":"S74","article-title":"Dysfunction of the default mode network in Parkinson's disease","volume":"23","author":"Eimeren T.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Movement Disorders"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1903403116"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27942"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-022-01519-5"}],"container-title":["Human Brain Mapping"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/hbm.26647","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,16]],"date-time":"2024-03-16T02:57:49Z","timestamp":1710557869000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/hbm.26647"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/hbm.26647"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hbm.26647","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1065-9471","1097-0193"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1065-9471","type":"print"},{"value":"1097-0193","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-04-28","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-02-18","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-03-15","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e26647"}}