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Switching roles in these back\u2010and\u2010forth interactions serves as a crucial feature of reciprocal behaviors while the underlying neural entrainment is still not well\u2010studied. Here, we designed a role\u2010controlled cooperative task with dual EEG recording to explore how differently two brains interact when mothers and children hold different roles. When children were actors and mothers were observers, mother\u2013child interbrain synchrony emerged primarily within the theta oscillations and the frontal lobe, which highly correlated with children's attachment to their mothers (self\u2010reported by mothers). When their roles were reversed, this synchrony was shifted to the alpha oscillations and the central area and associated with mothers' perception of their relationship with their children. The results suggested an observer\u2010actor neural alignment within the actor's oscillations, which was related to the actor\u2010toward\u2010observer emotional bonding. Our findings contribute to the understanding of how interbrain synchrony is established and dynamically changed during mother\u2013child reciprocal interaction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.26672","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,29]],"date-time":"2024-03-29T06:45:22Z","timestamp":1711694722000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Interbrain substrates of role switching during mother\u2013child interaction"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0010-0848","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yamin","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong University  Shanghai China"},{"name":"Department of Computer Science Vanderbilt University  Nashville Tennessee 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