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Leading theories of how the brain accommodates literacy acquisition include the neural recycling hypothesis and the assimilation\u2013accommodation hypothesis. The neural recycling hypothesis proposes that a new cultural skill is developed by \u201cinvading\u201d preexisting neural structures to support a similar cognitive function, while the assimilation\u2013accommodation hypothesis holds that a new cognitive skill relies on direct invocation of preexisting systems (assimilation) and adds brain areas based on task requirements (accommodation). Both theories agree that letter\u2013sound integration may be achieved by reusing pre\u2010existing functionally similar neural bases, but differ in their proposals of how this occurs. We examined the evidence for each hypothesis by systematically comparing the similarities and differences between letter\u2013sound integration and two other types of preexisting and functionally similar audiovisual (AV) processes, namely object\u2013sound and speech\u2013sound integration, by performing an activation likelihood estimation (ALE) meta\u2010analysis. All three types of AV integration recruited the left posterior superior temporal gyrus (STG), while speech\u2013sound integration additionally activated the bilateral middle STG and letter\u2013sound integration directly invoked the AV areas involved in speech\u2013sound integration. These findings suggest that letter\u2013sound integration may reuse the STG for speech\u2013sound and object\u2013sound integration through an assimilation\u2013accommodation mechanism.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.26713","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,24]],"date-time":"2024-10-24T21:40:16Z","timestamp":1729806016000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["A meta\u2010analysis of letter\u2013sound integration: Assimilation and accommodation in the superior temporal gyrus"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-0277-7261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danqi","family":"Gao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning &amp; IDG\/McGovern Institute for Brain Research Beijing Normal University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xitong","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning &amp; IDG\/McGovern Institute for Brain Research Beijing Normal University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Ting","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Brain Cognition and Intelligent Medicine Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0541-9233","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emily Sophia","family":"Nichols","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Psychology, Faculty of Education Western University  London Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zilin","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning &amp; IDG\/McGovern Institute for Brain Research Beijing Normal University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chaoying","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning &amp; IDG\/McGovern Institute for Brain Research Beijing Normal University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingnan","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning &amp; IDG\/McGovern Institute for Brain Research Beijing Normal University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning &amp; IDG\/McGovern Institute for Brain Research Beijing Normal University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X10000853"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","volume-title":"After phrenology: Neural reuse and the interactive brain","author":"Anderson M. 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